Critical Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Book Review - Essay Example CIDA has recently discarded its main advantages, such as gender equality, health issues, importance of development aid etc. Though one can argue that every organization is connected with its self-interest, we can surely claim that further discussion is related to the international aid policies, political and economic contexts. The first chapter "Canada among Donors: How Does Canadian aid Compare?" by Hunter McGill deals with relations of Canada in terms of international society on the matters of help, undertakings and goals. There are two different international processes, which are used for evaluation of international relations in Canada with respect to international policies, non-aid policies and programs. Unfortunately, Canadian government is not interested in foreign help and support and shows underperformance at the international level. This claim is produced by the author of the chapter, but it is interesting for the readers to find out whether it is true or not. On the basis of two basic criteria, such as the Peer Review process of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) and the Commitment to Development Index annual rankings of the Center for Global Development (CGD) evaluation of international aid in the development of Canada is discussed further on in this chapter. Other donor states evaluate national situation in Canada and in accordance with their data they donate help (McGill). The CGDs Commitment to Development Index was established as part of an effort to rate how the public policies of twenty-two nations, all currently members of the DAC, affect the prospects and progress of developing countries. Basing on these two basic indices, it is possible to evaluate a certain degree of international aid donated to Canada. At the same time, Canada plays a role of an important international donor and it is possible to measure international help donated by the country. Canada has been

First Amendment freedoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

First Amendment freedoms - Essay Example The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments, which contain procedural and substantive guarantees of individual liberties and limits upon government control and intervention. The First Amendment, perhaps the best known of these freedoms and protections, prohibits the establishment of a state-supported church, requires the separation of church and state, and guarantees freedom of worship, of speech and the press, the rights of peaceable assembly, association and petition. While some Supreme Court justices have declared that First Amendment freedoms are absolute or occupy a preferred position, the Court has routinely held they may be limited so as to protect the rights of others (e.g. libel, privacy), or to guard against subversion of the government and the spreading of dissension in wartime. Thus, the Court's majority has remained firm - the First Amendment rights are not absolute. Only two Supreme Court justices, Justice Hugo Black and Justice William O. Douglas, insisted the First Amendment rights are absolute and their dissenting opinions fell to the wayside. Most court cases involving the First Amendment involve weighing two concerns: public vs. private. Also, the Supreme Court has often defined certain speech, also known as "at risk speech," as being unprotected by the First Amendment (Corwin 56). Freedom of speech and expression is not a luxury of democracy, but it should be recognized as a necessity. In order for a democratic form of government to function and continue to exist, it must have free expression and educated criticism. Most of the development of the United States' free society has come about because of public debate and disclosure, in both oratory and written form. The First Amendment was written because at America's inception, citizens demanded a guarantee of their basic freedoms. Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change. When the U.S. Constitution was signed on Sept. 17, 1787, it did not contain the essential freedoms now outlined in the Bill of Rights, because many of the Framers viewed their inclusion as unnecessary. However, after vigorous debate, the Bill of Rights was adopted. The first freedoms guaranteed in this historic document were articulated in the 45 words written by James Madison that we have come to know as the First Amendment. The Bill of Rights - the first 10 amendments to the Constitution - went into effect on Dec. 15, 1791, when the state of Virginia ratified it, giving the bill the majority of ratifying states required to protect citizens from the power of the federal government. First Amendment Speech and Provision was absolutely rigid by original intent, higher than modern standards (indeed unreasonable by modern standards) and not coincident with eighteenth century perceptions of the proper extent of the right to publish or speak freely. The strongest piece of new evidence involves the unofficial reporter who sat close to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Near the end of the first session of the First Congress, after the drafting of the First Amendment (then third) but before submission of the amendment to the

The Aborigines Act of 1905 Essay Example for Free

The Aborigines Act of 1905 Essay The Aborigines Act of 1905 supposed to be an act that raised provision for the better protection and care of the Aboriginal inhabitants of Western Australia; however in reality the real purpose of the act was not to make the general wellbeing of the Aborigines better, it was to control every movement they made and have power over every aspect of their lives. The following essay discusses several of the clauses in the text that prove its intention most deceiving, and what the act truly accomplished. Clause 4 declares that there is to be an Aborigines Department under the Minister whose duty is to promote the welfare of the aborigines by providing them with food, clothing, medicine and medical attendance when they would otherwise be destitute, providing for the education of aboriginal children, and generally assisting in the preservation and well-being of the aborigines. This is the only clause in the whole of the Act that sees to the rights of the aborigines. Clause 8 of the Act states that the Chief Protector is to be the legal guardian of every Aboriginal and half-caste child until they attain the age of sixteen; as well as Clause 60 again highlighting that the governor has custody of the Aborigines and half-caste providing for their care and education. They saw the parents as unfit to raise their own children; they didn’t want them teaching their traditional ways and so, against a parent’s basic right, they took the children and raised them under European light. According to clause 12 the minister may cause any Aboriginal to be removed and kept within the boundaries of a reserve, or to be removed from one reserve or district to another. The government had the power to just remove any aboriginal from their homes whenever they felt fit and place them in a completely different district. Not only was this most inconvenient for them in ways any being would understand, it was damaging to their cultural identity and the spiritual belonging to a home land. As far as employment went; clause 17 states that it was against the law to employ any indigenous person without permit from the chief protector, which was difficult to obtain. Even if they were given permit, clause 22 said that they had to be paid with rations rather than money like the whites- in efforts to control everything they owned. If they were unhappy in the job in which they were employed, clause 58 said that if they wanted to leave the jobs, it would be an offence against the act and they were liable to imprisonment. The question we have to ask ourselves again is ‘how was this in any way beneficial to their wellbeing’? Under Australian law, it is illegal to arrest any person without warrant. On the contrary; clause 55 stated that it was perfectly lawful to arrest any aboriginal or half-caste without warrant who offends any provisions against the Act. Which brings us to Clause 52, which established that any Aboriginal or half-caste was deemed to be proved guilty in the absence of proof to the contrary; In other words, guilty until proven innocent. Who would defend them? How would they prove themselves innocent? Furthermore, who would believe their word for it? What this basically meant was that any Indigenous could be imprisoned for the smallest of accusations without a second thought. In conclusion, to call the Aborigine’s act of 1905 unjust is an understatement. The many clauses mentioned proved the said purpose of the act as for the better protection and care of the aboriginal inhabitants was misleading and far from the truth. The overall impact of most of the clauses would be deemed an outrage in the white society and certainly would not be accepted let lone tolerated.

Botany-Passive Transport Answers Essay Example for Free

Botany-Passive Transport Answers Essay Substances necessary for normal growth and development of plants must continually be transported into cells while metabolic wastes must be eliminated so that they won’t accumulate inside the cells. For instance, water as well as mineral salts from the soil solution enter root cells while carbon dioxide and oxygen through tiny pores known as stomata in leaves and lenticels in stem. Excess oxygen not utilized during cell respiration as well as oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released to the atmosphere. In most cases, movement of these substances is along a concentration gradient, that is, from regions of greater concentration to regions of less concentration. Such type of transport is known as passive transport. Diffusion is a type of transport which is concerned with the movement of solute particles. Aside from concentration gradient, factors affecting the rate of diffusion include the temperature, size of diffusing molecules and presence of other molecules aside from the diffusing one. Osmosis, on the other hand, is another type of passive transport, which is involved in the movement of solvent (e.g. water) through a semi-permeable membrane. In osmosis, the presence of a differentially permeable membrane as well as differences in the concentration of the medium and the intracellular substance (i.e. cell sap) are factors to consider in determining the direction of water flow. (madel, dito gawa k ng visuals na puede,.. kung aong maisip mo di ko nga alam kung ano puede ndin ilgay †¦. Ano kaya gagamitin ntin? Naka-acetate oh sa manila paper kaw n bhala..;) Now the walls of these cells are made of a stuff a bit like a really fine netting that will let water through but not salt (a partially permiable membrane). Now water and salt prefer being mixed together than seperated, and water will move through the cell wall towards whichever side is the saltiest, this is called osmosis. This means that because outside is saltier the water leaves the cells, so the cells empty, and like a half full bag of water, go all floppy so the whole lettuce leaf goes floppy Now if you put the leaf in fresh water there are more salts in the leaf than in the water, so water will move back into the cells making them blow up like balloons again and become all strong and rigid. So if you have some old limp Lettuce soaking it in water for a while for a while will make it go crisp again. -The leaf in the salt water would be dehydrated, as its internal osmotic pressure would make water from the leaf seep through the cellular membranes. -its osmosis. the cells in the leaf are permeable to water but not salt,so if you immerse the leaf in salt water the cell will absorb water trying to balance the osmotic pressure .if you put the leaf in fresh water the cells will dump water,the salt water will cause the cells to absorb too much water and they will burst,the fresh water leaf will dehydrate and wrinkle,i think i got it right but dont quote me. -Your talking about tonicity, the salt solution is hypertonic and would pull fluid from the plasmodesmata in the plant cellsthe plain water being relatively isotonic would have little loss of fluid depending on where you live in the country and if you used tap water or bottled. Its the same concept of cellular dehydration and water toxicity in human cells.

The Success of Dell Computer :: GCSE Business Management Coursework

The Success of Dell Computer 1. How and why did the personal computer industry come to have such low average profitability? The PC industry has started to develop fast in the 80's when IBM launched its first PC series and later on when numerous small companies entered the market. PC is a new product and companies had to create the demand to it from the scratch. We shall apply the Porter's 5 Forces model to examine the PC market and see how forces of competition influence the profitability of the market players. (See Appendix 1 for detailed description of how does certain parameter influence the market.) Entrance barriers are: The initial investment is relatively low (1.1) Brand loyalty is average to low (1.2) Switching costs of the market player are average. (1.3) The threat of new competitors lowers the profitability of the market Customers bargaining power: It is very hard for the customers to join forces and fight for their interests. (2.1) According to the modern way of life the need for computer in every work place and home is high which decreases even more the power of the customers. However, the switching costs are low (2.2) In general the customer bargaining power is low and therefore it raises the potential of market's profitability. Though, most of the companies provide "buy-backs" and price protection that lessens the chance to cash on moderately strong manufacturers position. Suppliers bargaining power Suppliers are divided into 2 major groups: (3.1) See the attached table (3.2) for the detailed description what parameters influence the suppliers’ powers. The suppliers bargaining power is generally strong because of the big monopolies and the high importance of purchasing components and operating system, therefore it decreases the profitability of the market players. Threat of substitute goods Substitute goods are different on for different market segments see (4.1) For most of the customers these substitute products cannot satisfy the needs covered by PC computers. The lack of suitable substitutes raises the industry profitability. Complimentary products product market is rapidly growing and therefore it raises the industry profitability. Rivalry among established firms is fierce. There are several factors that illustrate this: established market players (6.1). The product is highly standardized and the switching costs of the customers are low. Players are aggressive (6.2) Business environment. PC industry is affected by two opposite forces: technological advance that pushes the industry forward and the industry sensitivity to economical stagnation (if the economical situation is bad customers won't upgrade their computers).

Essay --

There are always a lot of â€Å"buzz† words to describe the latest fad among Christians. There’s been WWJD, purpose driven everything, EE, and on the list could go. One of the biggest discussions and interesting topics of late, concerns â€Å"church health† or â€Å"church growth.† Any Christian bookstore is guaranteed to have no less than ten books on church growth/health. This has come about because of the noticeable lack of growth in membership of churches across the United States. There are countless studies released that indicate churches are either not growing or are in decline. With all the information pointing out the fact that churches are losing their effectiveness, a public consensus seems to agree on one obvious reason—declining church health. Just as a healthy baby will grow, healthy churches should naturally experience growth. The reason there are many books available about how to grow the church make it healthier is due to the fact, there is no general consensus on what makes a church healthy. Church health is a complicated topic so the answer isn’t simple either—it too is c...

Foundation and Empire 3. The Dead Hand

Bel Riose interrupted his annoyed stridings to look up hopefully when his aide entered. â€Å"Any word of the Starlet?† â€Å"None. The scouting party has quartered space, but the instruments have detected nothing. Commander Yume has reported that the Fleet is ready for an immediate attack in retaliation.† The general shook his head. â€Å"No, not for a patrol ship. Not yet. Tell him to double – Wait! I'll write out the message. Have it coded and transmitted by tight beam.† He wrote as he talked and thrust the paper at the waiting officer. â€Å"Has the Siwennian arrived yet?† â€Å"Not yet.† â€Å"Well, see to it that he is brought in here as soon as he does arrive.† The aide saluted crisply and left. Riose resumed his caged stride. When the door opened a second time, it was Ducem Barr that stood on the threshold. Slowly, in the footsteps of the ushering aide, he stepped into the garish room whose ceiling was an ornamented holographic model of the Galaxy, and in the center of which Bel Riose stood in field uniform. â€Å"Patrician, good day!† The general pushed forward a chair with his foot and gestured the aide away with a â€Å"That door is to stay closed till I open it.† He stood before the Siwennian, legs apart, hand grasping wrist behind his back, balancing himself slowly, thoughtfully, on the balls of his feet. Then, harshly, â€Å"Patrician, are you a loyal subject of the Emperor?† Barr, who had maintained an indifferent silence till then, wrinkled a noncommittal brow. â€Å"I have no cause to love Imperial rule.† â€Å"Which is a long way from saying that you would be a traitor.† â€Å"True. But the mere act of not being a traitor is also a long way from agreeing to be an active helper.† â€Å"Ordinarily also true. But to refuse your help at this point,† said Riose, deliberately, â€Å"will be considered treason and treated as such.† Barr's eyebrows drew together. â€Å"Save your verbal cudgels for your subordinates. A simple statement of your needs and wants will suffice me here.† Riose sat down and crossed his legs. â€Å"Barr, we had an earlier discussion half a year ago.† â€Å"About your magicians?† â€Å"Yes. You remember what I said I would do.† Barr nodded. His arms rested limply in his lap. â€Å"You were going to visit them in their haunts, and you've been away these four months. Did you find them?† â€Å"Find them? That I did,† cried Riose. His lips were stiff as he spoke. It seemed to require effort to refrain from grinding molars. â€Å"Patrician, they are not magicians; they are devils. It is as far from belief as the outer galaxies from here. Conceive it! It is a world the size of a handkerchief, of a fingernail; with resources so petty, power so minute, a population so microscopic as would never suffice the most backward worlds of the dusty prefects of the Dark Stars. Yet with that, a people so proud and ambitious as to dream quietly and methodically of Galactic rule. â€Å"Why, they are so sure of themselves that they do not even hurry. They move slowly, phlegmatically; they speak of necessary centuries. They swallow worlds at leisure; creep through systems with dawdling complacence. â€Å"And they succeed. There is no one to stop them. They have built up a filthy trading community that curls its tentacles about the systems further than their toy ships dare reach. For parsecs, their Traders – which is what their agents call themselves – penetrate.† Ducem Barr interrupted the angry flow. â€Å"How much of this information is definite; and how much is simply fury?† The soldier caught his breath and grew calmer. â€Å"My fury does not blind me. I tell you I was in worlds nearer to Siwenna than to the Foundation, where the Empire was a myth of the distance, and where Traders were living truths. We ourselves were mistaken for Traders.† â€Å"The Foundation itself told you they aimed at Galactic dominion?† â€Å"Told me!† Riose was violent again. â€Å"It was not a matter of telling me. The officials said nothing. They spoke business exclusively. But I spoke to ordinary men. I absorbed the ideas of the common folk; their ‘manifest destiny,' their calm acceptance of a great future. It is a thing that can't be hidden; a universal optimism they don't even try to hide.† The Siwennian openly displayed a certain quiet satisfaction. â€Å"You will notice that so far it would seem to bear out quite accurately my reconstruction of events from the paltry data on the subject that I have gathered.† â€Å"It is no doubt,† replied Riose with vexed sarcasm, â€Å"a tribute to your analytical powers. It is also a hearty and bumptious commentary on the growing danger to the domains of His Imperial Majesty.† Barr shrugged his unconcern, and Riose leaned forward suddenly, to seize the old man's shoulders and stare with curious gentleness into his eyes. He said, â€Å"Now, patrician, none of that. I have no desire to be barbaric. For my part, the legacy of Siwennian hostility to the Imperium is an odious burden, and one which I would do everything in my power to wipe out. But my province is the military and interference in civil affairs is impossible. It would bring about my recall and ruin my usefulness at once. You see that? I know you see that. Between yourself and myself then, let the atrocity of forty years ago be repaid by your vengeance upon its author and so forgotten. I need your help. I frankly admit it.† There was a world of urgency in the young man's voice, but Ducem Barr's head shook gently and deliberately in a negative gesture. Riose said pleadingly, â€Å"You don't understand, patrician, and I doubt my ability to make you. I can't argue on your ground. You're the scholar, not I. But this I can tell you. Whatever you think of the Empire, you will admit its great services. Its armed forces have committed isolated crimes, but in the main they have been a force for peace and civilization. It was the Imperial navy that created the Pax Imperium that ruled over all the Galaxy for thousands of years. Contrast the millennia of peace under the Sun-and-Spaceship of the Empire with the millennia of interstellar anarchy that preceded it. Consider the wars and devastations of those old days and tell me if, with all its faults, the Empire is not worth preserving. â€Å"Consider,† he drove on forcefully, â€Å"to what the outer fringe of the Galaxy is reduced in these days of their breakaway and independence, and ask yourself if for the sake of a petty revenge you would reduce Siwenna from its position as a province under the protection of a mighty Navy to a barbarian world in a barbarian Galaxy, all immersed in its fragmentary independence and its common degradation and misery.† â€Å"Is it so bad – so soon?† murmured the Siwennian. â€Å"No,† admitted Riose. â€Å"We would be safe ourselves no doubt, were our lifetimes quadrupled. But it is for the Empire I fight; that, and a military tradition which is something for myself alone, and which I can not transfer to you. It is a military tradition built on the Imperial institution which I serve.† â€Å"You are getting mystical, and I always find it difficult to penetrate another person's mysticism.† â€Å"No matter. You understand the danger of this Foundation.† â€Å"It was I who pointed out what you call the danger before ever you headed outward from Siwenna.† â€Å"Then you realize that it must be stopped in embryo or perhaps not at all. You have known of this Foundation before anyone had heard of it. You know more about it than anyone else in the Empire. You probably know how it might best be attacked; and you can probably forewarn me of its countermeasures. Come, let us be friends.† Ducem Barr rose. He said flatly, â€Å"Such help as I could give you means nothing. So I will make you free of it in the face of your strenuous demand.† â€Å"I will be the judge of its meaning.† â€Å"No, I am serious. Not all the might of the Empire could avail to crush this pygmy world.† â€Å"Why not?† Bel Riose's eyes glistened fiercely. â€Å"No, stay where you are. I'll tell you when you may leave. Why not? If you think I underestimate this enemy I have discovered, you are wrong. Patrician,† he spoke reluctantly, â€Å"I lost a ship on my return. I have no proof that it fell into the hands of the Foundation; but it has not been located since and were it merely an accident, its dead hulk should, certainly have been found along the route we took. It is not an important loss – less than the tenth part of a fleabite, but it may mean that the Foundation has already opened hostilities. Such eagerness and such disregard for consequences might mean secret forces of which I know nothing. Can you help me then by answering a specific question? What is their military power?† â€Å"I haven't any notion.† â€Å"Then explain yourself on your own terms. Why do you say the Empire can not defeat this small enemy?† The Siwennian seated himself once more and looked away from Riose's fixed glare. He spoke heavily, â€Å"Because I have faith in the principles of psychohistory. It is a strange science. It reached mathematical maturity with one man, Hari Seldon, and died with him, for no man since has been capable of manipulating its intricacies. But in that short period, it proved itself the most powerful instrument ever invented for the study of humanity. Without pretending to predict the actions of individual humans, it formulated definite laws capable of mathematical analysis and extrapolation to govern and predict the mass action of human groups.† â€Å"So-â€Å" â€Å"It was that psychohistory which Seldon and the group he worked with applied in full force to the establishment of the Foundation. The place, time, and conditions all conspire mathematically and so, inevitably, to the development of a Second Galactic Empire.† Riose's voice trembled with indignation. â€Å"You mean that this art of his predicts that I would attack the Foundation and lose such and such a battle for such and such a reason? You are trying to say that I am a silly robot following a predetermined course into destruction.† â€Å"No,† replied the old patrician, sharply. â€Å"I have already said that the science had nothing to do with individual actions. It is the vaster background that has been foreseen.† â€Å"Then we stand clasped tightly in the forcing hand of the Goddess of Historical Necessity.† â€Å"Of Psychohistorical Necessity,† prompted Barr, softly. â€Å"And if I exercise my prerogative of freewill? If I choose to attack next year, or not to attack at all? How pliable is the Goddess? How resourceful?† Barr shrugged. â€Å"Attack now or never; with a single ship, or all the force in the Empire; by military force or economic pressure; by candid declaration of war or by treacherous ambush. Do whatever you wish in your fullest exercise of freewill. You will still lose.† â€Å"Because of Hari Seldon's dead hand?† â€Å"Because of the dead hand of the mathematics of human behavior that can neither be stopped, swerved, nor delayed.† The two faced each other in deadlock, until the general stepped back. He said simply, â€Å"I'll take that challenge. It's a dead hand against a living will.†

Relations Between Blacks and Whites

Japan’s economy can be traced back to World War II. After this period, many structural changes helped transform the Japanese economy. This was necessary because Japan had undergone through war that saw its economy near collapse. These changes in policies were through interaction with America, international market, and social mobilization (Ohno, 2006). At the time of war, there was a rapid growth in Japan’s economy. This period saw a rise of manufacturing industries due to materials necessity for the war. Such industries included the automobile industry. Once the war was over, most of the technologies and companies were converted to peaceful economic development (Ohno, 2006). This also saw expansion of private companies. There was also a desire to catch up with the west; new technology and management. The changing US policies were an instrumental success of Japan’s economy. This is because Japan was given permission to export to the US and at the same time protecting its domestic market (Ohno, 2006). The venture into export economy also leaped enormously from international marker of low tariffs; low prices of oil and materials needed for industrial expansion (Ohno, 2006). Another significant trend to the expansion of the economy was the welfare society in Japan instead of the welfare state. This helped Japan to direct most of its resources that would have been spent on welfare to industrial expansion (Ohno, 2006). After the 1950s, Japan’s government engaged in massive financing of the economy. This was through collaboration between the state and private sector. This revamped the economy and the gross national product expanded more than 10 percent annual with limited downturns (Ohno, 2006). There was also development of export economy; investment in technology. The export economy has remained, until now, where over 70 percent of manufactured goods are exported (Ohno, 2006). The other factor that helped was the provision of loans for business by the private banks and removal of monopoly in various sectors of the economy. Additionally, there was an increasing role of trade unions, part time workers, and small companies. There was a mutual understanding between industries and workers. Most of the workers on the short-term basis worked hard to get long-term employment. This helped in post war Japan takeoff in terms of economics (Ohno, 2006). The transition from 1970 to 1980 saw Japan catch up with the other industrial economies of the world. However, this trend was not to remain due to unchanging policies. There was a lack of modern investment opportunities and poor management (Sakisaka & Gaimusho, 2007). This led to business firms, real estate and financial institutions falling prey to speculation. This finally led to the ‘bubble’ economy (Ohno, 2006). The effects were to be felt in the 1990s. Japan continues to struggle to get out of these effects until now. This will only be possible through sweeping reforms. This paper seeks to focus on Japan’s economy. Japanese Geography, Language, and Population Japan is a country of East Asia. It is made up of thousands of islands. However, there are crucial islands. They include Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shiloku; these are the largest of those islands. Japan’s neighbors are Korea, Russia, and China. It has a size equal to Germany or California (Japan Guide, 2013). The language of most of the population is Japanese. However, there has been infiltration of foreign languages. The population is estimated to be 125 million (Japan Guide, 2013). In this estimate, two million are foreign residents. Most of the foreigners are the Korean. Japan is also vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes. This is because this country is mostly mountainous. Japan also has variations in climate, due to different islands that make up the country. Economy Japan’s economy ranks high in the world. In fact, Japan ranks second among the most developed nations. Japan GDP has been on the rise since 2004 (Trading Economics, 2012). However, there was a little stagnation in 2005 and 2006. Moreover, there was a reduction in GDP during 2007 to 2008. This was due to the challenges that faced the economy during this time. The annual growth rate of Japan has averaged 2. 1 percent for the last three decades (Trading Economics, 2012). The economy of Japan is majorly dominated by technological advancement. This has enabled Japan to enhance any materials received from other countries. This is because Japan is not endowed with minerals and other forms of raw materials. Most of Japan GDP is dominated by services (Trading Economics, 2012). These se rvices include wholesale and retail, as well as the real estate. The other driving force of the economy is the manufacturing sector. This accounts for nearly 22 percent of the GDP (Trading Economics, 2012). Moreover, constructions industry contributes heavily to the growth of the economy. This accounts for over 5 percent of the country GDP (Trading Economics, 2012). The rate of growth is expected to increase because of changing fiscal policies. Japan has been struggling with inflation for a long time. However, inflation is expected to slow down. For example, the central bank has introduced an inflation target of 2 percent (Einhorn, 2013). Various initiatives have been taken to curb inflation are already in place. The current one has been buying Yen to issue bonds. This will help by weakening the Yen and reviving inflation rate. However, Japan trade deficits have declined significantly. It stands at 362. 4 billion yen that is half of what was reported at the beginning of the year (Einhorn, 2013). However, in Japan there has been an increased in the number of unemployed individuals. For example, in March the unemployment rate was 4. 10 percent as compared to the onset of the year when it stood at 4. 3 (Trading Economics, 2012). For the last six decades, unemployment rate in Japan has averaged 2. 68 percent. However, it was at its highest level in July of 2009 at 5. 60 percent (Trading Economics, 2012). Japanese Openness, Currency, Current Exchange Rate, Primary Exports, Imports, Current Account Balance, Major Trading Partners, and Agreements The rate of openness of a country influences its economy in myriad ways. There is a role of importance in this trend to economic growth. The openness is reflected in terms of international knowledge streams and international movement of people, resources, and technology (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2011). Openness can also lead to failure of some key sector of the economy. This is due to unemployment and failure to compete by some companies on a global scale. Japan is poor as compared to other country of its caliber in terms of openness. This is evident in terms of comparison of countries export and imports of good and services compared to GDP (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2011). The country also shows less inward investment. However, in Japan there exists a higher exposure to international competition. For example, over 50 percent of Japanese automobile makers occur outside Japan (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2011). However, an exception occurs in the food, beverage, and tobacco sector. The sectors that deal with agriculture are cautioned by the government international competition. In Japan, there is also exposure to international trade. In fact, Japan intra-industry business comprises half of all trade (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2011). In addition, Japan appears as one of the country hard to make use of foreign labor. The Japanese currency is yen. The US dollar to Japanese yen exchange rate currently is at 99. 25. Japan has largely focused on export due to its processing nature. Japan receives raw materials from different countries and then adds value before exporting. The main export of Japan includes transportation equipments, motor vehicles, electrical machinery, and chemicals (Economy and Trade Fact Sheet, n. d. ). Most of Japan’s imports are raw materials. They include oil, foodstuff, and wood (Economy and Trade Fact Sheet, n. d. ). The import/export stability has helped Japan have a significant trade partners. These partners include United States, China, Germany, Indonesia, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates (Economy Watch, 2010). The country has also been the main export market for over ten trading nations worldwide (Economy Watch, 2010). The financial crisis of 2008 affected the international trade of the country. The export volume declined to $516. 3 in 2009 as compared to over 700 billion the previous year (Economy Watch, 2010). In 2010, the total value of export was over 750 billion US dollars (Economy Watch, 2010). Japan is also a member of world commerce and trade agreements. Currently, Japan is a member of many international organizations. They include APEC, WTO, OECD, the G-8, and the G-20 (Economy Watch, 2010). Japan is also advancing towards Economic Partnership Agreement instead of Free Trade Agreements. Japanese Trade Policy and Trade Barriers in Various Periods Japan’s trade policies and barriers have changed depending on the status of the economy in different periods of its history. These policies have changed depending on the status of the economy. In 19th century, the country was committed to industrializing as well as carrying out military expansion. Consequently, the government promoted imports of the manufactured and capital goods that were not available in Japan (Sato, 1999). On the other hand, in order to promote export, the government introduced policies that would ensure there was an improvement in quality, production, and standardization of potential or existing exports (Rapp, 1978). Another policy was the introduction of export quality checks. This took place after the end of World War II. There was screening of firms export technology imports and quality control were controlled and enhanced in the country (Rapp, 1978). There was also institutionalization of export cartel; to reduce competition that could be detrimental to individual firms and economy (Rapp, 1978). This was prominent during the 1950s and 1960s. The government have supported research and development in computers to make Japanese producers competitive worldwide. There was lowering on tariffs on raw materials. This increased the effective protection to value added and promoted manufacturing (Rapp, 1978). When the value of yen decreased in the 1930, some companies like Ford were forced to close. There was also checking on the import of assembled motor vehicles. Further policies were implemented after the war. These policies included quotas on import taking account of key raw materials such as coal (Sato, 1999). There were also protective tariffs on manufacturers and raw materials were outsourced toll free. In order to secure foreign exchange, the government regulated the import and amount paid on the required technology (Rapp, 1978). The government also encouraged exports through exceptional tax and credit incentives. Successes and Challenges Faced By Japan in International Trade A country involvement in international trade has its advantages and challenges. The liberal international economic order was beneficial to Japan. This was due to reduction of barrier. Japan exploited this growth and contributed to revenue growth and rising living standards in the country (Noland, 2000). There was a revival of key infrastructure through these programs. However, the country continues to face challenges in international trade. One of the challenges is economic domination by the United States. Secondly, there is growing suspicion from other Asian countries on activities of Japan. The political system in the country is also a challenge to this trade. There is also a replacement of Japan trading activities by emerging economy in East Asia such as China (Cooper, 2013). Trade and Investment Liberalization Should Be Pursued By Japan In Order To Achieve Economic Growth Japan currently is experiencing economic stagnation. This can only be rescued by trade liberalization. The first thing the country should do is to open its domestic market to foreign companies. This will help in areas such as agricultural revival. The other action should be Internationalization of science and innovation. This will help in submission of external earning, enhance the local currency, and will lead to improved direct investment. There should also be openness to labor; highly skilled foreign workers. This will help in improving materials for export, improved trade, and earnings. Conclusion It is clear that Japan’s economics has gone through a period of transformation. Especially before the 21st century. Initially, Japan experienced increased economic growth. However, at the end of the 20th century, Japan experienced an economic downturn. Currently, Japan is on the road to recovery through sweeping reforms it has been undertaking. There has been various policies and tariffs. In addition, there has also been increased revenue through adding value to manufactured goods. This has also helped Japan to be one of the main export/import partners in the world. Japan has benefited from global trade. On the other hand, the international trade has affected Japan.

Disadvantages of the studying abroad Essay

The studying abroad is the problem of youth of Kazakhstan The most difficult for a young person is looking for profitable occupation.  «Do you speak English?  » – a question that can be heard at any companies even they are not foreign ones in our country. And if you confidently answer  «Yes, I do!  », you will be supplied with the high-salaried job. It will be good chance for you to take a place in a prestigious company and develop yourself. English language is the most important language in the world, because it is so widely spoken, it has often been referred to as a â€Å"world language†. As English is an world language, it is the very first problem to know English to make a good carrier. It is expected to know it. They think if they are taught abroad, they will be chosen without any difficulties for this or that position. This necessity leads them to abroad to study. Is it right? However, do you need to study abroad to make a brilliant carrier? Cannot we gain it studying at home? â€Å"Bolashak† is the president’s program for youth of Kazakhstan. It gives a good chance to study abroad for everyone. Even the president of our country supports the study abroad. During the 20 years, there were studied thousands of students and most of them work at the state influential companies. However, do not forget about disadvantages. For 20 -year history of the program 333 people could not complete training – mainly because of their own poor progress while getting knowledge, and 47 students of Bolashak did not return to Kazakhstan. About 300 graduates could not find work at home. Does the president want this? â€Å"Tens of millions of dollars we spend on overseas training, and thus, of course support the foreign universities. Let’s maintain ours† President of Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev President of the Center of International Program â€Å"Bolashak† Sayasat Nurbek reported about unemployment of youth of our country. According to him, about 300 graduate students â€Å"Bolashak† program could not find work at home, despite the excellent education abroad. One reason is the factor of â€Å"high expectations†. â€Å"Students come to the country and believe to take a leadership position with a big salary and an official car. Alas, the real economy demands tough enough. We need employment experience and  understanding of the industry and the specifics of this particular production in Kazakhstan. For example, college graduate comes to us, and I have not been putting his department director since he took the necessary steps to understand the specifics of the industry well even he has an excellent education.† President of the Center for International Programs † Bolashak † Sayasat Nurbek Recall, at the 9th of February, deputy of Majilis Saginbek Tursunov offered to employ graduates of † Bolashak † at the public authorities. Parliamentarian doubted â€Å"whether it is necessary to continue this program and further† as part of the students cannot find work at home. Nowadays, many people continue their studies outside of their country. They think that educations in other countries is better than in their own country. In the world, many students are continuing their studies overseas. For example; Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, China and USA are the most favorite countries to study. It is believed that the studying abroad is the most significant way to improve your world view. Also the studying abroad gives many students a kind of prestige in their home country. There are some students who want to study abroad because of the pure pleasure and excitement it brings. But living in a foreign country might be difficult at times. As I mentioned before studying abroad has advantages, however it has some disadvantages on students. Some of the disadvantages are being away from your country, spending too much money. The first disadvantage is spending too much money. As Calvin (2007) mentioned â€Å"For students who want the opportunity to study overseas during their time in college, the cost of doing so can seem daunting. According to the Education Abroad Center, studying abroad in China costs $8000. Italy? $10, 000. Paris? Up to $15,000 â€Å". Also as my friend Dosan Nursultan, student of SEGI University in Malaysia, said â€Å"The single ticket for a flight from Malaysia to Almaty costs 90 000 tenge. Return ticket is 180 000 tenge. So, not all can take liberties.† But also many students say that studying abroad is not expensive. They think, it is normal to spend that much money for studying in a foreign country. In my opinion, there is no doubt that it takes money to  study abroad. It all depends on a person, because even if person goes to a foreign country it does not guarantee that this person will have successful future in life. If person has a goal of getting education, he will do whatever it takes to achieve this goal and it does not matter whether he is studying in his homeland or abroad. On the other hand, you can travel in the world with that much money and you could have more world outlook than you would have studying. The second disadvantage of studying in a foreign country is being away from your family. From my perspective, living in a foreign country, even if it is with a host family, means you might be doing things you may not have done in your home country. These include cooking, cleaning, grocery shopping, washing clothes, figuring out transportation, making living arrangements, setting up accounts for cell phones and utilities, etc. those are just some of examples of disadvantage of being away from your family. There are many opinions, which shows being away from family is a wonderful experience for everyone and it could be a wonderful opportunity to be independent. Also, there are a lot of sit uations when teenagers where so overwhelmed with living on their own, without parent control, so they started bad habits. It is third disadvantage. For example, skipping classes, constant pub visit. â€Å"We send bachelors, but they do not suit us, because the low level of training due to the fact that English is learned in the pub, that they were not the best specialists. â€Å"Bolashakers† are different, so we basically take smart, but they are not so much, â€Å"- said Talgat Musabaev at a cabinet meeting on Tuesday. I think he wanted to say about the â€Å"independent† of our students in other countries. The next disadvantage is culture shock. The trauma you experience when you move into a culture different from your home culture. A communication problem that involves the frustrations that come with the lack of understanding; the verbal and nonverbal communication of the new culture, it’s customs and it’s value systems are only a few of the problems. The differences that people may experience include lack of food, unacceptable standards of cleanliness, different bathroom facilities and fear of p ersonal safety. In addition, you will probably have times when you miss your family, friends, food, and everything familiar. Almost everyone goes through some culture shock. When you realize that it is impossible to be at home any time you want, you will understand how difficult being away from your family is. It is a time for  learning and experimentation, and it’s also a time to build your responsibility and sense of self-direction. Overall, it’s a time of discovery and that’s why it’s easy to follow â€Å"influences†. Keep in mind that they grow up in another culture, and I am afraid they will forget their own nation, own Kazakh culture. Teenagers are easily influenced by others. The influences may adversely affect their view of the world as no parents giving them advice. Ambitious young people without life experience can join extremist communities. It is hard to resist â€Å"influences† of all sorts. Most of them are not related to violence. For example in Germany, they use Neo-Nazis music to attract young people or foreign students to join into extremist groups. That is why the parent should control their children, because you do not know what awaits you on border out of the country. The last is studying in a second language. Many people think that studying your major in another language is wonderful for everyone. There are many students who want to go to other countries to learn another language. That is not true for me because you can learn the language in your country. Also many people think that they just need to live in another country and they will learn the local language, but this is not completely true. You still need to pay attention and study. There are people who live in foreign countries for many years without knowing the language well. You have to learn some information about language when you are in high school. On the other hand, studying university is the most difficult part of education. Many people are not able to study at a university even if they study in their native language. For international student it is really hard to study at a university in a foreign country. Because of the difficulties in learning, they can keep up with the program and can complete their education. If I do not trust my ability to communicate, I would prefer to study in my country. In my opinion, the educational system in our country is improving from year to year. In conclusion, everything has two sides: advantages and disadvantages. Each of us should accept that studying abroad has good sides as well as bad one. For sure many students would get over all those disadvantages but how about others who might not be able to handle all of them. It might not be good choice to study abroad for all students. They have to figure it out before they leave their country. Otherwise, those issues would affect all your life with failure. Studying abroad is a good  opportunity to chose, but the advantages and disadvantages must be weighed very carefully before a student leaves the country.

Brainstorming & Applied Imagination

Brainstorming has a long history that stretches back to almost 3000 years, although it owes its current popularity to efforts of Alex Osborn in 1950s through his seminal work Applied Imagination (Proctor, 1999, 114; Sutton and Hargaddon, 1996). Osborn used brainstorming with an objective to increase creativity within organizations. In his surmises, creativity in organizations was impeded by hostile environment to new ideas that discouraged people from coming forth with their views and opinions.Further development of brainstorming has been result of Osborn’s commitment to encourage employees to come out freely with their ideas (Paulus and Brown, 2003, 110). Brainstorming gained rapid popularity due to its simplicity, its fun elements, its therapeutic abilities and its proven effectiveness in stimulating creativity and emergence of new ideas (Davis, 1973, 90). In brainstorming participants are encouraged to come openly with their ideas of wildest sort, without being interfered, and criticized, that leads to combination and improvement of ideas (Sutton and Hargaddon, 1996).Techniques of Brainstorming Generally brainstorming techniques are divided into two main categories that are a) Unstructured; b) Structured (Proctor, 1999, 114). While the unstructured brainstorming doesn’t involve any established procedure, resulting in unproductive efforts, the structured brainstorming proceeds through some set rules that make it a very effective technique. These rules and principles, suggested by Osborn in the early 1950s are (ibid) 1. No criticism: Criticism is not permitted during brainstorming session to help in uninhibited flow of ideas2. Quantity is encouraged: Large number of ideas increases likelihood of effectiveness of session 3. Unrestrained ideas: Brainstorming sessions encourages participants to come out with any idea, no matter how wild it appears. This helps people in coming out of their fears and express their views openly 4. Improvement of ideas: Brainstorming also encourages people to suggest in improving ideas of other people and suggest ways by which various ideas can be combined in unison, for greater efficiency. Benefits of BrainstormingThese techniques of brainstorming have helped in reaching solutions to various kinds of problems within organizations. As reported by Proctor (1999, 116) brainstorming has proved very effective in coming out with solutions of problems that pertain to Issues of reducing time in production line, 1. finding ways to handle shop lifting 2. In marketing and sales segment where within a short time a large number of concepts, punch lines and creative names are required. However the same techniques of brainstorming do not yield desired result if problem is too technical or require special expertise that cannot be suggested by other people.Today brainstorming has become synonymous with creative thinking and infusion of imaginative solution to problems that come in organizational setups. The basic concept of brainstorming is to achieve a synergy of ideas that helps to break situation of deadlocks. It helps in generating ideas and then narrows down attention to their detail whereby from a number of available options the optimum course is selected. Thus it creates a sequence where participants themselves become proponents of ideas and their judge to weed out the ineffectual concepts and retain only those that carry sufficient potential with them (Proctor, 1999).The distinct advantage of brainstorming is that it helps in bringing forth a number of ideas through creating a light and interactive atmosphere where one idea is instigator of many other ideas, and even an absurd suggestion acting as a stimulant for relevant ideas. The other advantage of brainstorming is that it is a therapeutic procedure in overstressed atmospheres where people are given opportunities to speak up, present their views, receive feedback and share their ideas with others (Davis, 1973).There are numerous instances where brainstorming has successfully delivered the solution to problems that had flummoxed organizations. Effectiveness of Brainstorming Although the effectiveness of brainstorming is demonstrated through various experiments and test groups, there is a controversy whether group brainstorming is more effective than solitary brainstorming (Paulus and Brown, 2003). As mentioned by Sutton and Hargaddon (1996), a majority of experiments conducted on techniques of brainstorming have come out with different observation on the thesis of Osborn.Their findings revealed that although group brainstorming is a widely accepted method for inspiring creativity, revamping business operations and bringing improvement in industrial and manufacturing processes, controlled tests have shown that compared to individuals thinking alone, the productivity output of group brainstorming is lower. Further findings by Mullen, Johnson and Salas (1991) suggest that in some cases groups consisting of more than two members have shown comparatively lower productivity than that of individual thought process.However, on exploring the reasons of lower productivity, its found some of them result from improper application of Osborn’s fundamental rules. The three main reasons suggested for lower productivity in group brainstorming are 1. Fear among group members in freely expressing their ideas, anticipating negative feedback by their group partners 2. Lower level of accountability, where member tend to go reckless and literally get focused on coming out with only wild and impractical ideas 3. Sometimes over generation of ideas by some individuals block idea generation process of other individuals who loose the coherence of their thought process.Electronic Brainstorming Application of information technology and computer analysis methods to brainstorming has provided new tools in hands of researchers to measure the effectiveness of brainstorming and improve its outcome by balancing te chnological capabilities with the situational requirements. Meeting styles within groups, in the words of Dennis (1994) have largely resorted to electronic communication styles that offers benefits of â€Å"parallelism, direct access to meeting memories and anonymity offered by pure electronic communication†.Group brainstorming has seen emergence of new techniques such as Group Decision Support System, Electronic Meeting System, Groupware, and Group Support System. Some of these methods help the group members to interact with each other by help of networked computers that facilitate instant communication, messaging, sharing of ideas and joint coordination. In addition members can highlight key issues on discussion on common large electronic blackboard that is visible to every group member (Dennis, 1994).Apart from the benefits of parallelism, access to meeting memories and anonymity of individual, the electronic brainstorming session also provides the facility of media richne ss, i. e transmission of complex information. Studies have shown that a combination of electronic communication and verbal communication produces better media richness than what either of them are capable of achieving alone (Dennis, 1994). Electronic brainstorming has received great boos by application of EBT or Electronic Brainstorming Tool that has been designed to assist researchers who are interested in method of electronic brainstorming (Clapper, 1995).The tool provides users with a simple interface to help in sharing and developing ideas for effective communication, leading to greater media richness. Reeference Clapper DL, 1995, EBT: a Tool for Electronic Brainstorming Researchers. Journal of Organizational Computing. Volume: 5. Issue: 1, Page Number: 22 Davis, GA, 1973, Psychology of Problem Solving: Theory and Practice, Basic Books, New York Dennis AR, 1994, Electronic Support for Large Groups, Journal of Organizational Computing, Volume: 4. Issue: 2, Page Number: 177Hargado n A, Sutton RI, 1996, Brainstorming Groups in Context: Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm, Administrative Science Quarterly. Volume: 41. Issue: 4, 685 Mullen, Brian, Craig Johnson, and Eduardo Salas, 1991, Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration, Basic and Applied Psychology, 12: 2-23 Paulus PB, Brown VR, 2003, Group Creativity: Innovation through Collaboration (edit),Bernard A. Nijstad, Paul B. Paulus, Oxford University Press. New York Proctor, T, 1999, Creative Problem Solving for Managers, Routledge London

Catcher in the Rye Potrays American Dream essays

Catcher in the Rye Potrays American Dream essays A dream cannot exist without another person. The Catcher in the Rye illustrates the American dream by revealing the heartaches one must go through while growing up and finding their place in society. Holden Caulfield is amazed by peoples' "phoniness". He believes that no one is truly real and that the world has lost its innocents. The only creatures that still posses the innocence is a child. His world consists of childhood vs. adulthood. Childhood seems to be made of immaturity and pure innocents, while adulthood is where phonies arewhere the world starts to become evil. At the beginning of the book Holden criticizes everyone for the things they do. While doing this, he isolates himselfcreating his own level of self-protection. He never looks at himself to find the flaws in which he possesses. Like the child he still isquick to point fingers at others but never toward himself. He sees adulthood as a bad turn over in his life. Towards the middle of the novel, Holden Caulfield is approached with a question from his little sister, "What would you like to do when you grow up?" His response is, "Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around-nobody big, I mean-except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff-I mean if they?re running and they don't look where they?re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I?d do all day. I?d just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it's crazy, but that's the only thing I?d really like to be.? Here is a very symbolic part of the book. Holden wants to save the world from loosing its innocents. He wants to save the children from falling off the cliff?into adulthood?into the phony world. Later on Holden realizes he cannot hold onto adolescence forever, but must become and adult. Here he faces the choice to be "phony" like the rest or simply be himsel ...

ROSSI Surname Meaning and Family History

ROSSI Surname Meaning and Family History Rossi originated as a  descriptive surname meaning red-haired or ruddy-complexioned individual, derived from the nickname rosso, meaning red. The Rossi surname was most common in northern Italy. Surname Origin:  Italian Alternate Surname Spellings:  ROSSO, ROSSA, RUSSI, RUSSO, RUGGIU, RUBIU, ROSSELLI, ROSSELLO, ROSSELLINI, RISSIELLO, ROSSILLO, ROSSETTI, ROSSETTO, ROSSETTINI, ROSSITTI, ROSSITTO, ROSSINI, ROSSINO, ROSSOTTI, ROSSOTTO, ROSSINI, ROSSONE, ROSSUTO, RUSSELLO, RUSSINO, RUSSOTTI, RUSSOTTO, RUSSIANI, RUSSOLILLO Famous People with the Surname ROSSI Portia de Rossi - Australian actress born under the name Amanda Lee Rogers; wife of talk show host Ellen DeGeneresAldo Rossi - Italian architectValentino Rossi - Italian professional motorcycle racer Where is the ROSSI Surname Most Common? The Rossi surname is the 875th most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears. It is found most prevalently in Italy, by far- it ranks as the #1 surname in the country. It is also very common in San Marino, where it ranks 8th, as well as Monaco (4th), Argentina (51st) and Switzerland (73rd). WorldNames PublicProfiler  pinpoints the Rossi surname as being particularly common throughout northern Italy, especially in the regions of Umbria, Toscana, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Liguria, Corse, Lazio, Molise, Lombardia and Veneto. It is next most frequently found in Argentina, followed by Switzerland, France and Luxembourg. Genealogy Resources for the Surname ROSSI Italian Surname Meanings OriginsUncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this guide to how Italian surnames came about, and a list of the 50 most common Italian surnames. Rossi Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Rossi  family crest or coat of arms for the Rossi surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. The ROSSI DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Rossi surname are invited to join this project to  work together to find their common heritage through DNA testing and sharing of information. ROSSI Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Rossi ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Rossi ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - ROSSI  GenealogyExplore over 835,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Rossi surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. ROSSI Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Rossi surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. GeneaNet - Rossi RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Rossi surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Rossi Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Rossi surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Rossi SurnameExplore over 740,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Rossi surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism America and Other Countries

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism America and Other Countries Nowadays, our world consists of so many different societies, with their own preferences, interests, customs, and traditions. Culture of every society is unique indeed; it is a set of own values and goals, which characterize the society as a whole and separate institution. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism: America and Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The representative of each society lives with his/her own ethnocentric attitude, the belief that his/her culture is much more superior than any other. In order not to become self-absorbed, it is necessary to train the sense of cultural relativism in the society and make certain differentiations between the idea of cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism is a tendency, when a person uses the cultural norms of his/her own society in order to judge some other culture and its representatives. In addition, ethn ocentrism underlines the superciliousness of one culture among the others. Cultural relativism is another tendency, according to which personal beliefs and preferences are relative to another culture. Cultural relativism shows that there are not right and wrong standards with the help of which cultures may be compared. Taking into account such simple and comprehensible definitions, it is possible to say that the ideas of cultural relativism are rather opposite to the ideas of ethnocentrism (Ned-Seelye and Seelye-James, 1995, p 70). Without any doubts, ethnocentrism affects considerably the international affairs. Lots of people truly believe that America is one of the countries with too high idea of ethnocentrism. Of course, American ethnocentrism is known to many countries: some countries admire America’s power and abilities, however, some other countries cannot still understand what makes this country so powerful and dislike it a bit. â€Å"The image of the ugly American pr evalent in the 1960s has become increasingly rare. Although an occasional traveler still behaves as if the world owes him or her tribute as an American.† (Stewart Benneth, 1991, p 161) It is quite possible that Americans can do certain things better than the other countries. The Americans believe that they are able to do everything better: make films, create songs, dance, communicate, carry wars, etc. Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of course, it is cool than the country is so sure about personal abilities and effects on other countries. However, it is necessary to remember about such a simple thing as cultural relativism in order to learn something new with the help of other countries and develop more and more. Let’s compare America with some other countries in a certain sphere of life, cuisine, for example. Americans can hardly boast with their own c uisine. In Italia, it is tasty macaroni and pizza, in France, it is croissants and brains of numerous animals, and, in Japan, it is rice and sushi. Of course, American McDonalds is something really amazing and attractive, however, it is not a kind of cuisine, but only a type of establishment, where fast food is presented. Another sphere that may be compared is dancing. Not every American can easily dance waltz or tango without any practice. For Austrians or Argentine, it will be rather easier, because these dances are in their blood. They just born to do unbelievable things during these dances and attract viewers’ attention. â€Å"Cultural relativism is a way of viewing the world in terms of the relevant culture, that is, in terms of the culture in which one finds oneself.† (Grulan Mayers, 1988 p 24) This is why America should take into account the ideas of cultural relativism and be ready to respect the other countries, at least in order to learn more, enlarge its ow n level of knowledge, and be open to other countries. With time, such intentions will probably help to amaze the world and even conquer it. Reference List Grulan, S. A. Mayers, M. K. (1988). Cultural Anthropology: A Christian Perspective. Zondervan. Ned-Seelye, H. Seelye-James, A. (1995). Culture Clash: Managing in a Multicultural World. McGraw-Hill Professional. Stewart, E. C. Benneth, M. J. (1991). American Cultural Patterns: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Intercultural Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism: America and Other Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Strategies To Sell Seoul As A Leisure Destination Tourism Essay Essays

Strategies To Sell Seoul As A Leisure Destination Tourism Essay Essays Strategies To Sell Seoul As A Leisure Destination Tourism Essay Essay Strategies To Sell Seoul As A Leisure Destination Tourism Essay Essay This diploma paper introduces Seoul, the turning market as a leisure finish. The intent of this paper is to happen and propose ways for Seoul to go a popular leisure finish for Europeans. The paper starts with debut to Seoul, analysis of tourers who visit Seoul. Furthermore, this paper provides three ways for Seoul to go a popular leisure finish for Europeans by clear three stairss including increasing consciousness, selling which gives Europeans motive and information, and an betterment on Seoul as a tourer metropolis. Chapter one is an debut to this paper, which gives a general idea approximately Seoul as a leisure finish. In chapter two, there will be a closer expression at Seoul. Get downing from general debut to South Korea, this chapter shows touristry industry in South Korea and a few attractive forces in Seoul which are divided into both traditional and modern points. Chapter three trades specifically with statistics related to visitants of South Korea, concentrating on difference between Asiatic and European visitants. Then, it leads to stepping rock of ways for Seoul to go popular among European leisure-oriented travellers. Chapter four shows the importance of international events in footings of national image and touristry. To construct consciousness and images of South Korea is linked for Europeans to be motivated to believe about sing South Korea. This chapter will explicate this and gives a instance. In chapter five, Hong Kong which is the 1 of the most popular finish in Asia is analyzed to be compared to Seoul. By understanding and larning from the city, Hong Kong, the milepost of following two chapters about selling schemes and development of Seoul will be set up. Chapter six suggests selling schemes to sell Seoul as a leisure finish for Europeans. As selling schemes, the functions of authorities and media will be shown. Chapter seven is about how to better Seoul as a leisure finish. Through SWOT analysis, a few points will be suggested to develop Seoul to pull Europeans. In chapter eight, the last chapter, there is a decision based on all the chapters of why this research is of import and published. Introduction This diploma paper was created to happen and propose ways for Seoul to go a popular leisure finish for Europeans. The capital metropolis of South Korea, Seoul, has many both traditional and modern attractive forces and great potencies to pull Europeans as a metropolis touristry finish. However, it is non every bit much well-known as the absorbing metropoliss in Asia such as Tokyo, Hong Kong, or Shanghai. For Europeans, Asia would look to be someplace new and adventuresome. Since they do non cognize and are funny about the continent, their outlooks of what they want to see are slightly oriental. However, some major metropoliss like Tokyo are really westernized, modern but yet have their ain singularity based on traditions and civilization. Furthermore, they would wish to travel to those topographic points and see the existent lives of the state. This is called City Tourism , which means that the metropolis itself has tonss of tourer attractive forces of adjustment, transit, amusement installations, civilization, and nutrient to do people from outside to be motivated to see. Those both sides of attracts encourage Europeans to see oriental, traditional Asiatic parts and see the existent life of city in Asia. In that regard, Seoul has true colourss of South Korea s civilization and tradition behind and yet as a city of more than 10 1000000s of occupants, tourers would be able to see and see how Korean live. In other words, Seoul has the existent appeals of pull Europeans. Then, why Seoul is non yet the popular and concerned finish for Europeans to go? This paper demonstrates the grounds and replies for the inquiry. First ground is that South Korea is still non well-known, particularly for European tourers, which leads to the fact that it is important to increase Europeans consciousness of national images so that they would cognize and be motivated to see South Korea. Besides, there is deficiency of selling schemes for Europeans to be encouraged to go Seoul. Finally, Seoul should be improved more in footings of touristry industry, including cultural touristry, assorted activities and events for tourers, the demands of overcome linguistic communication barriers, and so on. South Korea was non the finish for leisure intents until late of 1980s. After keeping successful Olympics in Seoul, the universe had started looking at the state otherwise, while images of South Korea would hold been hapless and developing state after the Korea War. Furthermore, 2002 World Cup Korea Japan has decidedly helped Korea to go a tourist finish that people talk about. Importance of international events, which will be acquainted subsequently in chapter 5, is one of the major factors for a state to be well-known and better touristry industry. 2. Seoul as a tourer finish Introduction to South Korea Geographically South Korea is located in East Asia, between China and Japan. The Korean peninsula is approximately 1,030 kilometers long and 175 kilometers broad at its narrowest point. The land country is 99,200 sq kilometer, and it has a population of 48.6 million people. From Gojoseon which was the first signifier of state to after Nipponese business, Korean War and division, Korea has more than 5,000 old ages of history. After Korean War and division from North Korea, the Republic of Korea had developed economic system unusually from 1960 to 1980s, which is called Miracle on the Han River . South Korea is a member of the OECD, and is classified as a high-income economic system by the World Bank and an advanced economic system by the IMF and CIA. South Korea is now a member of G-20 and will keep the one-year G-20 meeting in 2010. History of touristry industry in South Korea Along the development of economic system, touristry industry besides has been turning. This figure shows that the figure of people sing Korea from other states rise unusually from 11,109 in the twelvemonth of 1961 to 6,155,047 in 2006. Particularly, between 1980 and 1992, Asia-Pacific part moved from being a minor participant in the international touristry scene to going the fastest-growing and most talked about part of the universe. And one of the fastest-growing markets was South Korea harmonizing to WTO ( World Tourism Organization ) . Figure 1. Visitor Arrivals in South Korea from 1961-2006 Introduction to Seoul Seoul is the capital metropolis of South Korea. With a population of over 10 million, it is one of the universe s largest metropoliss. It is besides the 2nd largest metropolitan country. Seoul is located on the Han River in the centre of the Korean Peninsula. Even though it may non be the centre of South Korea geographically, Seoul is decidedly the centre of economic system, political relations, civilization, and conveyance. Besides, it is known as the hub of East Asia. Not surprisingly, this figure shows that among foreign visitants to South Korea, more than 70 per centum of them visit Seoul. Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Visitors ( % ) 85.0 80.9 78.1 76.8 73.4 Figure 2. Percentage of foreign visitants to Seoul taken from entire population of foreign visitants to Korea Seoul is a really attractive metropolis which has both oriental and modern features. Traditional topographic points such as castles, temples, and traditional house small towns attract people from the West as oriental attractive forces which are unfamiliar and interesting. Besides, Seoul as a modern metropolitan metropolis which shows how westernized Seoul is. Seoul as an oriental finish in Asia Gyeongbokgung ( Gyeongbok Palace ) ( Seoul has been a capital metropolis for about 600 old ages. Therefore, there are a batch of castles, particularly the ancient royal castles of the Joseon Dynasty: Gyeongbokgung, Deoksugung, Changdeokgung, and Changgyeonggung. ) Gyeongbokgung is the first castle of the Joseon Dynasty which was built in 1395 and remained the nucleus karyon of bossy regulation through much of Joseon period. It was the castle where the caput of province conducted of import affairs, received foreign minister plenipotentiaries, and assembled his tribunal in royal rites. Coronations besides took topographic point here. ( It is 340,000 M2 ( square metre ) . ) Unusually, the most representative buildings of the Joseon Dynasty, Gyeonghoe-ru Pavilion and Hyangwonjeong Pond are still comparatively in tact. Woldae and the sculptures of Geunjeongjeon ( The Royal Audience Chamber ) represent the past sculpture art which was the tendency back so. The National Palace Museum of Korea is located South of Heungnyemun Gate, and the National Folk Museum is located east within Hyangwonjeong. Bongeunsa ( Bongeun Temple ) One of the alone facts which attract people from Western states is Korean Buddhism. Bongeunsa is one of merely a few traditional Buddhist temples found in the metropolis. Surprisingly, it is located in the busy, fast-paced portion of the World Trade Center country. It is a pleasant topographic point non merely for Korean to see but besides for travellers to acquire to cognize Korean Buddhism civilization. Temple Stay is what people can see day-to-day lives in a temple and larn Buddhism civilization and liquors. In fact, tonss of visitants stay at that place from few hours to 2 yearss to acquire to cognize Korean Buddhism, alien civilization. Bukchon Hanok Village There are traditional Korean houses remained in Bukhon Hanok Village. Most of houses are abodes, but there are galleries, traditional workshops which sell all right jewelleries, Korean eating houses, and minbak ( Korean traditional Bed A ; Breakfast ) . Insa-dong ( Insa District ) Insa-dong, located in the center of the metropolis, is an of import topographic point where old but cherished and traditional goods are on show. Galleries, traditional eating houses, traditional teashops, and coffeehouses take topographic point the whole country. The stores in Insa-dong are really popular among all age groups, because each one is alone. For immature people particularly, inexpensive but yet traditional and all right goods are sold in carts on the street. There are about 100 galleries in the country which travellers can see every illustration of traditional Korean all right art from pictures to sculptures. Seoul as a modern metropolis N Seoul Tower N Seoul Tower is the landmark of Seoul. It is located on top of Namsan Mountain and is a topographic point where you can acquire all right positions of Seoul. Built in 1969, it was a orbiter tower but opened to the populace in 1980. Besides all right positions, the tower has eating houses, coffeehouse, and stores. Lighting show which takes topographic point every dark is besides attractive for visitants. Myeong-dong ( Myeong District ) Myeong-dong is a monolithic shopping territory where has all sorts of trade name name stores and section shops are clustered along the streets and back streets. Myeong-dong besides has household eating houses, fast nutrient, and Korean, Western and Nipponese nutrient. Hangang ( Han River ) and Cheonggyecheon ( Cheonggye Stream ) A topographic point of relaxation and convenient waterway transit, the Hangang River is the centre of Seoul s urban reclamation. Visitors come to the Bankss of the Hangang for leisure and diversion, an urban reprieve from the feverish gait of mundane life. Cheonggye Stream had been the biggest sweeping market in Seoul for more than 40 old ages after the Korean War. However, after redevelopment building in 2003, it is now a beautiful tourer attractive force and a leisure topographic point for Koreans. Beautiful 22 Bridgess are decorated with 9,000 visible radiations and 1,500,000 workss. Its length is 5.84 kilometre and 12.04 kilometre of walking waies are available. Particularly, during December, the light show installed in the Cheonggye square which is the terminal of the watercourse is stupefying. COEX The COEX ( Convention and Exhibition ) constructing serves as the World Trade Center Seoul that includes a convention centre, exhibition hall, and promenade. It is a topographic point for international conferences and cultural and arts events. It has successfully held the 3rd ASEM, the Baronial Peace Prize, OECD international workshop, and many other international conferences. It has more than 200 exhibitions and over 2,000 international conferences and events yearly. The COEX promenade which is an belowground shopping promenade is the largest shopping centre in Seoul. Besides, it constitutes many other leisure topographic points such as Aquarium, Megabox Movie Theater, Kimchi field museum, event tribunal, and nutrient tribunal. Particularly, Aquarium has more than 40,000 fish of 600 species and tonss of big sharks. Furthermore, two concatenation hotels are connected to the topographic point. Hongdae country Hongdae stands for Hongik University but besides around the university, the country is for night life, assorted activities, and art public presentation. A batch of childs in Seoul spend their free clip clubbing, shopping and basking gigs in this country. Particularly, the last Friday of each month in Hongdae is Club Day , a wristband-powered event which allows entry to more than a twelve major nines for the monetary value of one. Itaewon Itaewon territory is a topographic point where assorted foreign civilizations gather. Located between the southern inclines of Mountain Namsan and the Han River It started in the early twentieth century, when it was a residential territory for Nipponese colonialists. Foreign communities form in the topographic point, hence many eating houses functioning international dishes are found in this country including culinary art from India, Pakistan, Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, and Mexico, nutrients that are non widely available in Korea. 3. Analysis of tourers sing Seoul This chapter acquaints with analysis of tourers sing Seoul, South Korea. Based on the International Visitor Survey 2008 which was published by KTO ( Korea Tourism Organization ) , this chapter will find features of visitants to South Korea, grounds why Asians travel South Korea more than Europeans do, which leads to differences between Eastern and Western tourers to South Korea. Besides, this chapter includes cardinal points which lead to reply the inquiry ; how Seoul can pull Europeans. It is of import to advert that most of statistics and studies used in this chapter are based on South Korea, non Seoul. However, since more than 70 per centum of visitants to South Korea travel Seoul, those figures are clearly explained to calculate out about Seoul. 3.1. Statisticss of visitants to South Korea First of wholly, the figure is provided to demo you per centum of visitants to South Korea in 2008. In 2008, the entire figure of visitants to South Korea was 6,890,841. 72.7 per centum of visitants which means that 5,018,219A were from Asiatic states such as Japan, China, Taiwan, and Thailand. The 2nd largest proportion of the pie was people from Americas. The figure of Europeans who visited South Korea in 2008 is 592,303, which is 8.6 per centum. 1.9 per centum of visitants were from Oceania and 1.1 per centum of visitants to South Korea were from Middle East such as Turkey. The smallest per centum, 0.4 per centum of visitants was Africans in 2008. Figure 3. Percentage of visitants to South Korea The pie shows that visitants are chiefly from Asia. To bespeak this fact more evidently, the chart below is provided to see from which states are the most visitants to South Korea. Clearly, the monolithic Numberss of visitants are from near states to South Korea such as Japan and China while merely Russia is included this chart. Top 10 states going South Korea ( 2008 ) Rank State 1 Japan 2 China 3 United States 4 Taiwan 5 Philippines 6 Siam 7 Hong Kong 8 Russia ( Federation ) 9 Canada 10 Australia Figure 4. Top 10 states going South Korea ( 2008 ) 3.2. Reasons why Asiatic travel South Korea more than Europeans Since more than 70 per centum of travellers to South Korea are Asians, it is critical to happen ways to pull Europeans by comparing with Asians, particularly Nipponese and Chinese who visit South Korea the most. Therefore, this sup-chapter will show grounds why Asiatic travel South Korea. There are several grounds why Asians travel South Korea more than Europeans such as geographical locations, more handiness, Asians cognizing South Korea and its civilization well, and the Korean Wave . 3.2.1. Geographic grounds First of wholly, Asiatic states particularly Japan and China are close to South Korea than other states so that it is easier and cheaper for people from those states to see South Korea. It takes an hr to see Seoul from Tokyo, Shanghai, and Beijing by aeroplanes. For them, it might be even nearer to go Seoul instead than other metropoliss in their ain states and it is still other state which motivates them to go for leisure intent. Because of geographical factor, there is more handiness for Nipponese and Chinese to see Seoul. While about people from other states visit South Korea by aeroplanes, some of Nipponese and Chinese travel South Korea by ships. As an illustration of comparing, there are about 30 flights in one twenty-four hours from Seoul to Tokyo, 26 flights from Seoul to Beijing, while merely 5 flights in one twenty-four hours from Seoul to Paris. 3.2.2. Cultural grounds Since China, Japan, and Korea are located all in Northeast Asia, they have some common and similar civilizations behind them even though they all are separately alone. Therefore, tourers from China and Japan to South Korea experience more comfy about going South Korea because they know the state. Furthermore, they have more cognition and experience about South Korea from instruction, media, and so on. 3.2.3. The Korean moving ridge The Korean moving ridge refers to the significantly increased popularity of South Korean civilization around the universe since the twenty-first century. The term was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised by the fast turning popularity of South Koreans and South Korean goods in China. Globalization has had an impact on pop civilization to be opened to foreign states for last decennary. Particularly, Korean TV play are truly popular among Asiatic states through the whole coevalss. As an illustration, Japan is the 1 of the states influenced by Korean dad civilization popularities, which leads to increase of Nipponese travellers to South Korea. NHK, Japan s public broadcaster introduced Winter Sonata as the first South Korean Television play shown on its satellite channel in 2003. The Television play created many syndromes about itself and because of its explosive popularity, Winter Sonata was aired twice in the same twelvemonth and NHK published novels based on the screenplay and plan guidebooks, every bit good as to bring forth DVDs, CDs and picture for both amusement and for learning Korean. Meanwhile, travel bureaus offer tour bundles that highlight hiting locations of Winter Sonata and rare minutes to run into the stars. The economic effects of Winter Sonata in South Korea have tremendously benefited non merely the amusement but touristry industries, every bit good. As a consequence from Korean Wave, Nipponese visitants accounted for 41.6 % of 1.99 million visitants to South Korea in 2004. 3.3. Differences between Asiatic and European visitants There are chiefly two obvious differences between Asiatic and European travellers ; intents of their visits and topographic points that they visited. This subchapter will bespeak the footing to find ways to convey more Europeans to see Seoul. 3.3.1. Purpose of visit By and large talking, the per centums of business-oriented visitants and leisure-oriented travellers to South Korea are similar in 2008 harmonizing to the pie given below. Those two constitute more than 80 per centum. However, people who visited for business/professional activities are somewhat more than people who came to South Korea for leisure/entertainment/vacation grounds. Figure 5. Purpose of visit ( 2008 ) Harmonizing to the chart below which shows the nationality and intent of visit, there is a important difference between Asiatic and European travellers. Asians, particularly Japan and Taiwan, tend to see South Korea with leisure intent, while there are more Europeans who came for concern or professional activities than those who came for leisure intent. The difference between concern and leisure intents is more than six times among Europeans. The Number of Case Business/Professional activities ( % ) Leisure/Entertainment/Vacation ( % ) Friends/Family visit ( % ) Entire 11,978 42.0 40.4 11.5 Japan 4,318 25.6 63.2 8.9 China 2,128 39.2 37.1 13.1 United States 1,108 57.3 12.2 23.9 Taiwan 587 29.3 62.9 4.5 Russia ( Fed. ) 249 68.5 10.6 10.8 Canada 190 50.8 15.8 28.5 Australia 175 50.6 25.0 11.9 Germany 165 76.9 8.7 9.8 England 159 76.0 8.3 10.9 Figure 6. Comparison of intent of visit ( 2008 ) 3.3.2. Attractions in Seoul There are two statistics about popular attractive forces in Seoul given. Harmonizing to the first chart, the most visited topographic point with 52.8 per centum is Myeong-dong where has assorted shopping topographic points and eating houses. The 2nd and 3rd most visited attractive forces are both market but yet have different features. Dongdaemun market is besides celebrated topographic point for shopping different points, largely dressing. Travelers who visit Namdaemun market discover this topographic point really interesting. Because everything from inexpensive electronic merchandises to veggies, live fishes supposed to be cut and sold right off shows the existent expressions of Koreans. Besides, they could happen some traditional goods in inexpensive monetary values. 43.7 per centum of replies to the study dedicates to ancient castles. Other topographic points from Insa-dong where keeps traditional expressions on the whole territory to N Seoul Tower, the landmark of Seoul and Lott e World, the largest amusement park are visited by international visitants. Figure 7. Topographic points Visited in Seoul However, a clear difference of the most visited topographic point between Asians and Europeans is determined. For Asians, the most visited topographic points are Myeong-dong and Dongdaemun market, which shows that they liked to travel shopping in Seoul. Meanwhile, ancient castles attract Europeans including English, Germen, French, and Russians harmonizing to the study. State Japan China Taiwan England Germany France Soviet union The most visited topographic point Myeong-dong Dongdaemun market Dongdaemun market Ancient castles Ancient castles Ancient castles Ancient castles Percentage 74.9 % 63.9 % 82.5 % 49.2 % 56.8 % 63.6 % 52.9 % Figure 8. The most visited topographic point 3.4. Decision Based on figures analyzed in this chapter, three chief decisions are determined in order to sell Seoul as a celebrated and popular finish for Europeans. First of all, Europeans consciousness of Korea should be increased so that they are motivated to go. Second, non merely to increase Europeans consciousness but besides to advance touristry industry, the authorities should make more selling and advertisement through assorted and effectual ways. At last but non least, Seoul itself should go a more attractive and comfy tourer finish. And that needs several factors like continuing traditional attractive forces, work outing linguistic communication barriers. From following chapter, this paper will to the full concentrate on those three points. 4. International events for national image and touristry This chapter focuses on national images and their impacts on touristry as the first measure to convey more Europeans into sing Seoul. The ground why this chapter is the first means is that raising their consciousness is created by raising well-known, attractive and positive national images. At first, definition and importance of national images will be introduced, and so this chapter will cover with international events, which help efficaciously a locale to be known. To keep international events such as Olympic Games, Football World Cup, and exhibitions are important for a metropolis or state to raise its images, which finally make tourers motivated and attracted to see before, during, and after the event. At the terminal of this chapter, there will be a instance survey about 2002 World Cup Korea Japan to show it. 4.1. National images Since the progress of globalization, national image and repute have become more critical assets in the modern universe. In order to construct national images, authoritiess try to develop those under the name of national branding as a selling technique. The reputes of states are similar to the trade name images of companies and merchandises. The American Marketing Association ( AMA ) defines a trade name as a name, term, mark, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to place the goods and services of one marketer or group of Sellerss and to distinguish them from those of other Sellerss. The trade name resides within the Black Marias and heads of clients, clients, and chances. It is the sum sum of their experiences and perceptual experiences, some of which you can act upon, and some that you can non. To win in branding you must understand the demands and wants of your clients and chances. Likewise, a state needs to construct its ain images in order to understand and pull mark audiences including foreign tourers. Every state has its ain features, besides referred as trade name images. As mentioned above, some national images built in mark audiences can non be influenced by the authorities s attempts. Because those images are formed by personal experience, the media, and so on. However, the authorities could better and make positive and attractive national images to do possible tourers consider sing the metropolis or state by national stigmatization. Images about touristry tend to last until the world. Charming images promote roll uping information and activity to seek to see the finish. Formed images become outlooks about the finish. Expectations have impacts on ratings. Influence on images depends on the grade of cognition and experience of the finish. Figure 9. Seoho Uhm 1998, The survey about mensurating finish images The survey of touristry The figure above was published by a Korean expert from the institute of touristry in University of Kyonggi. It shows that images of finish are built non merely by existent properties of the finish but by possible tourers and their desires of travel activities. 4.2. Impact of international events on touristry

Starburst Galaxies

Starburst Galaxies The universe is filled with galaxies, which are themselves filled with stars. At some point in its life, each galaxy bristled with star formation in vast clouds of hydrogen gas. Even today, some galaxies seem to have more than the usual amount of star birth activity and astronomers want to know why. There were so many stars being born in some galaxies in earlier times that they probably looked like cosmic fireworks bursts. Astronomers refer to these hotbeds of star birth as starburst galaxies. Key Takeaways: Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are galaxies where high rates of star formation has occurred very quickly.Nearly all types of galaxies can undergo starburst events if conditions are right.Astronomers know that starburst galaxies are often involved in mergers that mingle stars and gas. Shock waves push the gas, which sets off the starburst activity. Starburst galaxies have unusually high  rates of star formation, and those bursts last for a short time during the galaxys long life. Thats because star formation burns through the gas reserves of the galaxy very quickly. It is likely that the sudden burst of star birth is triggered by a specific event. In most cases, a galaxy merger does the trick. Thats when two or more galaxies mesh together in a long gravitational dance and eventually meld together. During the merger, the gases of all the galaxies involved are mixed together. The collision sends shock waves through those gas clouds, which compress the gases and set off bursts of star formation.   Properties of Starburst Galaxies Starburst galaxies are not a  new type of galaxy, but rather simply a galaxy (or mingled galaxies) in a particular phase of their evolution. Even so, there are some properties that show up in most starburst galaxies: a very rapid star formation rate. These galaxies will produce stars at rates well above the average rate of most regular galaxies; availability of gas and dust. Some galaxies may have higher than normal star-formation rates simply due to their high volumes of gas and dust. However, some starburst galaxies do not a have the reserves to justify why they would have such high rates of star formation, so mergers may not be the only explanation;star formation rate is inconsistent with the age of the galaxy. The main point is that the current rate of star formation could not have been constant since the formation of the galaxy given its age. An older galaxy simply wouldnt have enough gas left over to keep up starbirth action for billions of years. In some starburst galaxies astronomers see a sudden burst of star birth, and often the explanation is a merger or chance encounter with another galaxy. Astronomers sometimes also compare the rate of star formation in a galaxy relative to its rotational period. If, for example, the galaxy exhausts all of its available gas during one rotation of the galaxy (given the high star formation rate), then it can be considered a starburst galaxy. The Milky Way rotates once every 220 million years; some galaxies go much slower, others faster. Another widely accepted method to see if a galaxy is a starburst is to compare the star formation rate against the age of the universe. If the current rate would exhaust all of the available gas in less time than 13.7 billion years, then its possible that a given galaxy may be in a starburst state.   Annotated image showing dazzling eyelid-like features bursting with stars in galaxy IC 2163. A tsunami of stars and gas triggered by a glancing collision with galaxy NGC 2207 (a portion of its spiral arm is shown on right side of image). ALMA image of carbon monoxide (orange), which revealed motion of the gas in these features, is shown on top of Hubble image (blue) of the galaxy. M. Kaufman; B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF); ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Types of Starburst Galaxies Starburst activity can occur in galaxies ranging from spirals to irregulars. Astronomers who study these objects classify them into sub-types that help describe their ages and other characteristics. Starburst galaxy types include: Wolf-Rayet galaxies:  defined by their ratio of bright stars that fall into the Wolf-Rayet classification. Galaxies of this type have regions of high stellar wind, driven by the Wolf-Rayet stars. Those stellar monsters are incredibly massive and luminous and have very high rates of mass loss. The winds that they produce can collide with regions of gas and drive rapid star formation.Blue compact galaxies:  low mass galaxies that were once thought to be young galaxies, just beginning to form stars. However, they usually contain populations of very old stars. That usually is a good clue that the galaxy is quite old. Astronomers now suspect that blue compact galaxies are actually the result of mergers between galaxies of varying ages. Once they collide, starburst activity ramps up and lights up the galaxies.Luminous infrared galaxies:  dim, hidden galaxies that are difficult to study because they contain high levels of dust that can obscure observation. Typically infrared radiation   detected by telescopes is used to penetrate the dust. That provides clues to increased star formation. Some of these objects have been found to contain multiple supermassive black holes, which can shut down star formation. The increase in star birth in such galaxies has to be the result of a recent galaxy merger. Cause of Increased Star Formation Although the merger of galaxies is pinpointed as the main cause of star birth in these galaxies, the exact processes are not well understood. Partially, this is due to the fact that starburst galaxies come in many shapes and sizes, so there may be more than one condition that leads to increased star formation. However, for a starburst galaxy to even form, there must be lots of gas available to generate the new stars. Also, something must disturb the gas, to begin the gravitational collapse process that leads to the creation of new objects. Those two requirements led astronomers to suspect galaxy mergers and shock waves as two processes that can lead to starburst galaxies.   Centaurus A galaxy has a massive black hole at its heart that is actively gobbling up material. The actions of such active galactic nuclei may play a role in starbursts in galaxies.   ESO/WFI (Optical); MPIfR/ESO/APEX/A.Weiss et al. (Submillimetre); NASA/CXC/CfA/R.Kraft et al. (X-ray) Two other possibilities for the cause of starburst galaxies include: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN): Virtually all galaxies contain a supermassive black hole in their core. Some galaxies appear to be in a state of high activity, where the central black hole is ejecting massive amounts of energy.  There is a great deal of evidence to show that the presence of such a black hole can dampen star formation activity. However, in the case of these so-called active  galactic nuclei, they can also, under the right conditions, trigger rapid star formation as the accretion of matter in a disk and its eventual ejection away from the black hole can create shockwaves that could trigger star formation.High supernova rates: Supernovae are violent events. If the rate of explosions increases due to the presence of a very high number of aging stars in a compact area, the resulting shockwaves can begin a rapid increase in star formation. However, this such an event to occur the conditions would have to be ideal; more so than in the other possibilities listed here. A supernova can push clouds of nearby gas around spur limited amounts of starbirth. This supernova is shown in a Hubble Space Telescope view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. NASA/ESA/STScI Starburst galaxies remain an active area of investigation by astronomers. The more they find, the better scientists can describe the actual conditions that lead up to the bright bursts of star formation that populate these galaxies.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.