Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

Cat in the Rain by Ernest Hemingway Essay The story under the title â€Å"Cat in the Rain† was written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the most favourite American novelists, short-story writer and essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style has influenced wide range of writers. So, the story begins with the description of the hotel where two Americans stopped. It was raining, that’s why the couple stayed in and just a cat in the rain attracted the young woman’s attention. She wanted to get the cat inside but failed and was brought another cat. The problem of the story lies very deeply and we are to uncover it. The story is written in one mood which constantly and directly increases. It starts from the beginning where it’s created by a persistent and repeated use of the â€Å"rain† with a number of phrases associating it, such as puddles, deserted square, glistening war monument. Repetition is one of the widely used and favourite stylistic devices of Hemingway. Here he applies it to reveal the relationship of the protagonist to the old hotel owner (she liked , she liked ). As the verb â€Å"to like† is not used to characterize relations of the wife to her husband, this contrast is full of the concealed but easily read meaning. Though the cases of repetition in the story may seem a bit obtrusive, their modifications enter into the core of the narration very organically. They carry emotional character, however penetrating the story the deep sorrow becomes evident gradually. We realize that little, as if meaningless, capricious wishes of a young woman reveal the drama of her fate, the absence of comfort in her life, comparable with the cat in the rain. The title of the story anticipates this confrontation and the fact that the cat’s image makes great play twice – just increases the total effect. In fact, the young woman pines for love, for home, for her family. And the purring cat she’d like to have and to stroke is a traditional symbol of home and comfort she lacks so much. She wants warmth, attention, care, joy, happiness; however she is brought the cat – a pitiful substitution of that, what she, a young, beautiful woman needs incredibly. This is the main problem of the novel we tried to uncover. Perhaps the hotel owner didn’t get the reason of her yearnings and took her wish for whim. But dignity, deference and respectfulness of the old man are confronted to egoism and carelessness of George not occasionally. The war monument is also mentioned deliberately. The world George and his wife belong to – is uncomfortable, homeless after-war world, where the fates of young people joined with such hardships and troubles. If to speak about the text itself, it is told in the 3rd person narrative. the description is interlaced with descriptive passages and dialogues of the personages. The author makes extensive use of repetitions to render the story more vivid, convincing, more real and emotional. The authors style is remarkable for its powerful sweep, brilliant illustrations and deep psychological analysis. Everything he touches seems to reflect the feelings of the heroes. The story reveals the authors great knowledge of mans inner world. He penetrates into the subtlest windings of the human heart.

Slogan My Teacher My Hero Essays and Term Papers Essay Example for Free

Slogan My Teacher My Hero Essays and Term Papers Essay Northern and Southern Dynasties (386 589) The Northern and Southern Dynasties period (386 589) was a time of division in Chinese history, during which the Yellow River watershed of China first experienced a period of cultural transformation under the rule of a minority group. After the fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 420), four regimes the Song, the Qi, the Liang, and the Chen appeared one after the other in south China. In north China the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, and the Northern Zhou regimes also emerged at the same time. In Chinese history, the northern and southern regimes together are known as the Northern and Southern Dynasties. This period of time began in 386 and ended in 589, during which time China experienced 203 years of division and wars. The Southern Dynasties In 420, General Liu Yu deposed the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made himself emperor, and made Song the state title. Learning a lesson from the destruction of the Eastern Jin, Liu Yu refused to give important positions to noble families. Because he himself was from a poor family, he favored those of similar background to his and gave military power to his sons. As a result, the Song didnt repeat the mistake of the Eastern Jin. Unexpectedly, there was fighting and killing among the sons. In 422, Liu Yu died, and Emperor Wendi inherited the throne ruling for 30 years. Song experienced a prosperous period of time under the reign of Emperor Wendi, during which time the economy and culture both developed. Although there were wars against the Northern Wei in north China, each side achieved victories and suffered defeats, balancing power between the north and south. In 454, Wendi died, and Emperor Wudi took over the throne followed by Emperor Mingdi. They were both tyrants who killed their brothers and distrusted their ministers and generals. During their rule state politics fell into disorder. In 479, Minister Xiao Daocheng seized the chance to destroy the Song Dynasty and established the Qi Dynasty. Only existing for 23 years, the Qi Dynasty was the shortest dynasty among the four regimes of the Southern Dynasties. Because of Xiao Daocheng and his sons sensible and stable policies, a period of steady development ensued during their rule. However, afterwards, their successors repeated the mistakes of the Song Dynasty. They killed their brothers, uncles and nephews, and nearly all the ministers. In 501, Minister Xiao Yan revolted, overthrew the Qi Dynasty, and founded the Liang Dynasty. After overthrowing the Qi Dynasty, Xiao Yan established the Liang Dynasty and ruled for 48 years. During his rule, the Northern Wei Dynasty in north China declined, so it was a good opportunity for south China to challenge them. Being fatuous and incapable, Xiao Yan allowed his ministers to exploit the people and ignored the advice of loyal ministers. In 548, General Hou Jing of the Eastern Wei, who had surrendered to the Liang dynasty, mutinied. He colluded with Xiao Zhengde, a son of Xiao Yan, to attack the Liang State. The next year, Hou Jing captured the capital city of the Liang Dynasty, and discovered that Xiao Yan had already starved to death. Then Hou Jing killed the successor-Xiao Gangand the Liang was at the edge of collapse. In 557, Chen Baxian, who grew up during the punitive wars against Hou Jing, cut the throat of the last Liang emperor and established the Cheng Dynasty. Through years of war, the economy of southern China had been destroyed badly, so the Chen Dynasty was destined to exist for only a short period of time. Chen Baxian and his successors Emperors Wendi and Wudi had destroyed their enemies and defeated the army of Northern Qi in Jiankang ( Nanjing today), which consolidated the rule of the Chen Dynasty to some extent. However, the Chen Dynastys reign was limited south of the Yangtze River and to the east of Yichang City and the central government was weak. In 583, north China was unified by the Sui Dynasty (581 618), and the unification of the whole of China was expected at any hour. In 589, Yang Jian, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and ended nearly 300-years of division in China. The Northern Dynasties Toward the end of The Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarian Peoples period, the Tuoba Xianbei people, a primitive minority nomadic group, gradually grew powerful. They occupied central China and established the Northern Wei Dynasty. Later, they destroyed all the independent regimes in north China, and unified the region. As the most influential dynasty among the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Wei ruled north China for over 100 years, with 12 emperors from nine generations. By the end of the fifth century, Xianbei assimilation into the Han Chinese culture had accelerated in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 493, Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital from Pingcheng (Datong City in Shanxi Province today) to Luoyang City, and changed their family name from Tuba to Yuan at the same time. He forbade the use of the Xianbei language and the wearing of Xianbei clothing. Emperor Xiaowen attempted to assimilate with the Han people by limiting Xianbei culture. Through a series of reformations, the Han peoples advanced culture and political system was fully integrated into the Xianbei government of the Northern Wei, and north China entered into a new period of cultural fusion. However, after Emperor Xiaowens death, his successors gradually abolished his Han-Chinese assimilation policy because of the opposition of some reactionary nobles and Xianbei army men. The restoration of the Xianbei peoples privilege aroused new social frictions, and the Northern Wei began to fall into disunity and war. Later, the powerful officials Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai divided the territory of the Northern Wei into two parts – east and west. Eastern Wei (534 550) under Gao Huan lasted 16 years with Yecheng (Handan city in Hebei Province today) as the capital. Western Wei (535 556) established by Yuwen Tai experienced a history of 22 years with Changan (Xian today) as the capital. Eastern and Western Wei were then conquered by the Northern Qi (550 577) and the Northern Zhou (557 581). In 577, the Northern Zhou destroyed the Northern Qi, and north China was reunified. In 581, Yang Jian, a relative of the Northern Zhou empress, dethroned Emperor Jingdi and made himself emp eror. He changed the state title to Sui, and named himself Wendi. Then, Yang Jian destroyed the Chen Dynasty in southern China and reunified all of China. Religion, Culture and Science During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism, an emerging religion from India, was introduced into China. At that time, almost all the Xianbei people believed in Buddhism, especially in the Bodhisattva. People believed they could free their soul from suffering only if they prayed for help from the Bodhisattva. Because of the popularity of Buddhism, Buddhist statues, murals and grottoes were built on an unprecedented scale. The Mogao Caves, the Yungang Grottoes, the Longmen Grottoes, and the Maijishan Grottoes were all masterpieces of that time. With Wang Xizhi and Xie He as the most famous, calligraphers and painters flourished in large numbers at that time. The noted works Classics on Waters and Qiminyaoshu were produced during this time. In science, Zu Chongzhi was the first person in the world to work out the value of π (the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of a circle) to be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. In addition, Doctor Tao Hongjing wrote Zhouhou Fang which had a great influence on the development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Drama Essays West End Production

Drama Essays West End Production In the West End production of The Woman in Black, assess the skills of the two male performers when performing their role(s). Essay Outline: ‘As Alfred Hitchcock noted, suspense and atmosphere are more potent than scary events themselves’ Part 1 Introduction Introduction: ‘The Woman in Black,’ West end mainstay and classic enjoyed by many people since 1989, is a remarkable adaptation of a superb horror novel. Stripped down to a minimal cast by the impressive Stephen Mallatrat who has fitted a cunning theatrical frame around it, the play, which has seen many different duos taking the roles involved in the drama and ‘always bringing something new to it’ , is still to this day a massive hit. Undoubtedly talented, the two actors on stage, Brian Miller and William Rycroft, handled their varied roles superbly and brought the tension and terror inherent in the adaptation forth, using the limited props, large amount of space and excellent writing, to scare the audience witless.     Ã‚  Ã‚   Part 2 – Physical appearance and specific actor traits Physical and vocal qualities – Vital in creating the characters and expressing the different contexts of the change within the play, in a wonderfully orotund, flamboyant and self confident way, Rycroft educates the storyteller in the ways of theatre and the techniques of acting. Coaching the older ‘Kipps,’ clearly portrayed as a less confident and able man, his magnificent vocal expressions display him as the stereotypical Victorian actor. Especially with a two man cast, it is vital that the ranges of vocal abilities in the two men are expressive and changeable, and there is no doubt that through the different characters portrayed this is in evidence. Range of facial expressions and other actor skills– Perhaps the most dynamic and vivid use of a facial expression for me, was Rycroft’s reaction to the final twist in which he is asked about providing the ‘woman in black’ as part of the performance. Twisting in horror, his abject terror contrasts beautifully with the perceived ‘pale, wasted face and expression of desperate, yearning malevolence’ of the woman in black. Elsewhere throughout the play, his confident, expressive features work well in expressing the slightly woebegone look of Kipps, the actor who has slipped a little too far into the horrors of his past but still manages to become more adept at ‘performing’ throughout the play. From the self conscious, withdrawn character at the opening, through to his improved attempt at reading Shakespeare and finally onto his ability to switch characters, his facial expressions, and indeed whole character, seems to evolve. Creation of emotion – In a ‘two hand’ minimalist play, creating base, thrusting emotions within the hearts and minds of the audience is vital in place of spectacular effects, impressive sets or big choral numbers. Indeed, the raw fear and suspense (as well as dark humour) produced by the two actors is extremely well done. Using many of the devices discussed within this essay, and manipulating the vulnerability of the stark setting, they are able to, and carry off a wide range and evolving set of personal movements, expressions and speeches. Coupled with this, the fact that there are only two of them, makes their dialogues, and emotion fuelled actions, paramount to the audience’s concentration span, as they focus on these two purveyors of this simple, chilling and edgy tale. Part 3: Interaction Rapport with audience and response/ Use of Black Comedy – Again, I was very impressed with the skills of the two actors in terms of their ideas of audience participation. From the moment that Rycroft came striding up the aisle of the theatre talking about the need to really make the morbid tale ‘live in performance to an audience of family and friends,’ one immediately felt a part of this close knit group. It was as if he was striving to please and perform admirably directly for the benefit of the audience in the theatre itself, and lift the moribund tale for our immediate benefit. The occasional smattering of black comedy in this piece is also beautifully dealt with, Rycroft’s cool delivery of amusing lines giving the audience an element of relief to hold onto, before the actors deliver them once more into the unfurling horror. Interaction with other performers – The use of the two narrators within the performance allows an additional dimension to be added to the play, with the very process of storytelling and its purpose being investigated, as well as the chilling tale itself. Rycroft is magnificent in portraying the vessel, for which Miller (as Kipps) can relay his tale, and the heated discussions between the two talented performers split the mind away from the horrors somewhat, to concentrate on the issue of truth within a story that may be lost to the ideas of excitement within storytelling. Rycroft is also effective in moulding his reaction subtly differently to each of the different characters that Miller plays, making sure that the changing of characters does not seem stilted. Part 4 Setting Costume – The use of varied costume between the two actors, offers an almost surreal twist to the play, and while Miller is spectacular in manipulating his acting talents to drift between his roles, the occasional modern costume mixed with Victorian imagery does a lot to distort the mind of the already shaky audience. Less really does mean more in this production, and the fact that a mere change of coat can transport the two actors into entirely different roles, speaks volumes of the performances of the two men and the level of versatile performance required to suitably mix up their acting characters. Space – The key to this play, and inspiration for much of the horror generated by the stark atmosphere, is the power of immense space that setting the adaptation inside an empty Victorian theatre conveys. The feeling of spiritual goings on outside the main two characters is paramount, and Miller and Rycroft are able to exist all over the theatre, bringing the realism and terror to life within a large, empty setting. They have room to build their characters and through use of facial expressions and extravagant posture, utilize it widely. Part 5 – Interpretation of the on stage atmosphere Directorial interpretation of play – Mr Mallatratt adds ‘deliberate environmental anachronisms’ so claimed the Times review in 1989, and so it seems, much to the mystical improvement of the production. Set in a Victorian theatre, yet at no particular, specified time, modern touches (such as electric torches and sound effects) are used, allowing the audience to become uneasy with the setting and allowing the actors to spread their story in a setting that cannot be entirely tied down to anything specific within the mind. Form and production aims/ Sensitivity to style – Apparently, the original aim in performing ‘The Woman in Black’ with only two authors was to save money, and while a magnificent job has been done to use minimal output to produce such a thriller, one cannot help to wonder how a big budget production may handle this play. Mallatrat himself admits that ‘there are scenes he would have loved to have included but simply couldn’t,’ but I feel the actors have taken on board the necessity to make this appear a ‘classic ghost story’ and have taken the necessary steps to provide the exuberant and expressive performances within the stark setting that are required. Part 6 – Conclusion and Bibliography – The Woman in Black is undoubtedly a very tense and exciting script reaped from a ‘classic style’ horror tale in the vein of Henry James, and requires two excellent actors to take on the roles, engage an entire audience with their characters internal struggles, and essentially build up a horrific tale and ghostly presence. In my opinion, Miller and Rycroft both performed excellently using a wide variety of styles, stage devices and a mixture of expression and clever use of scenery, stage play and setting to grip the audience into what is a very compelling tale. Of course, with a story so moreish, it could be claimed that their jobs were easier than those of someone acting out a more complex and ‘slow’ narrative, but the fact they were able to mould their acting techniques to fit the changing of characters, lack of physical prop stimulus and slightly eclectic timeframe of the events taking place, shows the p resence of great skill. I am only interested to see how the next two actors can deal with the roles!  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cix.co.uk/~shutters/reviews/00191.htm Review of former actors http://www.londontheatre.co.uk/londontheatre/reviews/womaninblack.htm Reviews of The Woman in Black performed by other actors http://www.thewomaninblack.com/pdf/wib_pack.pdf Interview with Susan Hill describing her reaction to the on stage version Irving Wardled, The Times, January 1989 Susan Hill The Woman in Black (Vintage: 1998) http://www.susan-hill.com/pages/books/the_books/the_woman_in_black.htm Interview with Susan Hill

The Light in the Forest by Conrad Richter :: The Light in the Forest

The Light in the Forest Conrad Richter presents a historic fictional work describing the colonial frontier in The Light in the Forest.   True Son, born as John Butler, was captured by the Lenni Lenape Indians at the age of four.   He was adopted by them and raised as the son of their chief, Cuyloga.   He became a part of the Indian culture.   Later the Indians made a treaty with the whites and all white captives were to be returned to their people, including 15-year-old True Son.   However, True Son had learned to hate the white men and their ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Light in the Forest "enlightened" me in various ways.   It illustrates the spiritual relationship between Indians and nature as contrasted to the whites attitude.   Indians live with nature, appreciating its beauty and enjoying its comfort while whites' seem to ignore the beauty and value nature only according to its productive usefulness.   In The Light in the Forest, whites, for example, cut down the forest and clear land for farming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I also was intrigued with how True Son spoke of his mother the Earth, his uncle the Moon, and his brother-in-law the Wind.   In today's society we seem to concentrate on technology, while such oneness with nature is almost non-existent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an author, Conrad Richter appears to be a skilled writer.   I found numerous strengths and only two weaknesses.   One strength was his use of strong visual images.   "What he hungered for most was the sight of an Indian face again-his father's, deep red, shaped like a hawk's, used to riding the wind, always above the earth, letting nothing small or of the village disturb him-his mother's, fresh and brown yet indented with great arching cheek wrinkle born of laughing and smiling, framing the mouth, and across the forehead, horizontal lines like the Indian sign of lightning, not from laughing but from war and talk of war, from family cares and the strain of labor-and his sister's smooth young moon faces, not pale and sickly like the faces of white girls, but the rich blooming brown of the earth, their lively black eyes looking out from under the blackest and heaviest of hair, always wit touches of some bright red cl oth that set them off and made them handsome" (p. 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, Richter chooses point of view wisely.   He writes in omniscient point of view, but concentrates on True Son or Del Hardy, balancing the readers knowledge of both Indian and white life styles.

Spanish Conquistadors: Heroes Or Murderers :: essays research papers fc

Spanish Conquistadors: Heroes or Murderers "The Indians in the first fatal decades of the white man in America were conquered because they could not conceive what it was that the white man was after, and what manner of man he was." (The Indians of the Americas, p97) This misconception, was that the Indians could not imagine was that the Spanish Conquistadors would come to the Americas and brutally murder men women and children in the name of a god. They could not see how a group of people could follow such a god. The Spanish conquistadors raped the American natives of their naiveness. The Spanish conquistadors took away the Indians right to their way of life and their land. Living in the United States of America, it's hard to imagine a group of people coming into our country, and taking our land. But this event has already happened, almost 500 years ago. The people who dominated the United States before the Spanish invasion roamed among a 2 large continents. Today the Indians are restricted to reserves or â€Å"reservations†. Their land has been taken from them, and little if any was given in return. The people who live among these reservations try to preserve the â€Å"old way of life.† Another thing taken from the Indians of Americas was their way of life. One thing almost all people hold close to their heart is their way of life whatever it may be. The Indians however were persecuted for their beliefs and either killed or converted to the â€Å"Spanish Catholicism† or many other varying ways of life. This conversion did not take place peacefully. Many resisting Indians died for their cause. The Indians of the Americas could no longer hunt and gather food freely. Nor could they farm just for their community. Strong men were taken as slaves either to Hispaà ±ola (Modern Day Haiti), Cuba or taken back to Spain. Such slaves were often worked to death, because of the seemingly endless supply of American Indians. Other Indians were forced to pay tribute to the Spanish by working on farms to feed the invaders when they themselves were barely nourished enough to live. Some American Indians went so far as to commit mass suicides and not to have children, because they knew their fate if they were to go on living or to bring another child into the world only to see him or her worked to death (Collier, 63). Another very important factor in the demise of Native American Indians was disease, the native Americans had no immunity to the European diseases.

Depth of a River :: essays research papers

Depth of a River   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poetic expression is evolved from a web of emotions and thoughts. With the help of imagery, formation, and figurative language, a poet is able to transport readers to another world of his creation. Robert Burns uses these attributes to invite readers into world of peace and serenity in his poem â€Å"Sweet Afton.† This lyrical poem expresses the gratitude the persona feels for his homeland’s beauty, while asking nature to be quiet so his love may enjoy the tranquillity of her sleep. Burns’s use of imagery, use of figurative language, and construction with musical aspects help him convey his feelings and ideas to his readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the rolling hills, winding streams, and wandering sheep, Burns has created a pastoral setting in â€Å"Sweet Afton.† Burns use of imagery helps add to the reality of the poem. A reader is able to hear the blackbirds’ whistling, the dove’s resounding echo, and the lapwing’s screaming. A reader is able to see snowy feet, crystal streams, and green valleys. A reader can even smell the sweet-scented birch. Burns appeals to senses by using imagery words that create the illusion of sound, sight, and smell. Imagery helps express the persona’s feelings in his environment, enabling the reader to stand along with him in his world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slow-moving rivers symbolize the simple life. Peace is traveling at a pace easily kept. There are no dangerous undercurrents or rocky obstacles; Afton River is gliding crystal. Burns is able to create this illusion through figurative language. He also uses apostrophe by having the persona command the river and wildlife to be quiet, as in â€Å"Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream,† (lines 4 and 24). Much like imagery, figurative language is another vehicle used to carry the feelings of the persona to the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sweet Afton† is a poem broken up into six stanzas. Each stanza contains four lines. These stanzas attribute to the musical effect of the poem. The first and last stanzas are incremental refrains. Burns uses this repetition to emphasize his plea for the river to flow gently and his great appreciation for its beauty. The middle four stanzas each focus on a different feature of nature. The second stanza focuses on the sounds of the birds in the narrow and secluded valleys. The beauty of the surrounding hills, little streams, and the persona’s own sheep are emphasized in the third stanza.

International Business- Walmart

INTERNATIONAL MARKET OF WAL-MART QUESTION Assignment 1: Challenges in international management Type: Individual Format: Essay (You are encouraged to use headings and/or sub-headings to separate the sections/cases of your essay. ) Word limit: 2500 words (variation within 10% more or less is allowed) This activity is a platform to sharpen and demonstrate your knowledge and analytical skills in international business. It is designed to help you achieve the learning outcomes 1, 2 & 3. The assignment focuses on the actors of international business and their actions in the contemporary international business context.It also provides you with opportunities to link the international theories with the practice by analysing real-world examples from the academic point of view. Key Assignment Question: How does international business organisation achieve its internationalisation objectives in the contemporary context? Process: 1. Select a multinational corporation. 2. Write a brief overview of t he organisation and its mission/objectives related to international business  (maximum 500 words for this section) 3.Select and then analyse the internationalisation process of the organisation and its impacts on the international context (International business theories can be adopted in this section) †¢ What did the organisation do to internationalise itself? [i. e. environmental analysis, involvement with different actors, entry mode] †¢ Please explain factors affecting the internationalisation process of your Multinational Corporation(MNC). †¢ What was the impact of these actions on the organisation and/or broader community (i. e. host country, competitors, industry etc. ? (1,500 words) 4. Experience/lessons Learned  (500 words) †¢ What experience and/or lessons should the organisation have learnt from the analysis? Why do you think they are important for their future acting? †¢ What insights did you gain about international business in the contempor ary context? SOLUTION Introduction The most reputed and perhaps the biggest company in the World in terms of retail. It has a proven track record for implementing successful business across the globe with its wonderful business practices and world class marketing plans.Wal- Mart is a company which has done business not only in the US but also many countries across the globe. The company was established by Sam Walton at Rogers, Arkansas in the year 1962. The business growth was in the track with a period of 17 years after starting the company. By the end of financial year 2001, company already saw a turn over of one billion US dollars. With its effective marketing strategies Wal-mart managed to make it reputation of being the largest retailer in the world with revenue of 218 billion dollars.The companies continue growth in terms of revenue led the company to operate in the global level. The global operation started in the Mexico City in the year 1991. Its global presence has seen a n ew height, when it was found that more than 100 million customers have visited the Wal-mart retails globally. The number of associates stood at 1. 3 million which are on rolls of the company and has been diversified across 3200 stores in the US and more than 1000 stores across Canada, China, UK,, Germany, Korea ,Indonesia etc. Wal-Mart operates its stores in different versions worldwide.It is generally categorised in three main segments. Namely u   Wal-mart Stores u   Sam’s Club u   International Stores It can be further differentiated into Discount Stores, Super centres and Neighbourhood market. (Lewis, 2011) Currently the company serves around 200 million members and customers in a week at little higher than 8000 units under various collaboration and banners in 15 countries. The sales have crossed $400 billion mark and employees more than 2. 1 million people globally. It is a leader in sustainability, corporate philanthropy and employment opportunity.In the year 2008, the company found three major areas which are crucial at present for the company. The mission statement is â€Å"to help people save money so they can live better. † The crucial areas are: health, power efficiency and moral foundation. These matters have been transformed into the broad objectives that are stated as under: 1. Access to the world class health care at an affordable price. 2. Minimize the power cost for the consumer. 3. Moral and Environmental issues to be taken care of before expanding the business network. .(wallmart. com,2012)Internationalization of the process In the present business environment there are no fixed methods for globalization of the business. As there are various complexities in the entire process of the business which varies from place to place and business to business. The standards of internationalization of the process of any business are set by the owners by themselves. In general view in terms globalization few concepts are relatively pop ular in terms of globalization of the process. The commonly followed strategies are as follows. * Exporting of the product Seeking for Licensing the product to other company * Go out and give franchising opportunity to other company. *   Joint venturing with the native country firms * Setting up of a wholly owned subsidiary. Generally the experiment has proved that bring change to the on going firms international engagement, it lays down the rues and regulation for setting up foreign subsidiaries. Hence it becomes important to include these variations and give more business ideas like, joint venturing, licensing and franchising opportunity (Lewis, 2011) Study of the factors undertaken before going GlobalBefore launching the Wal-Mart brand as other brand was lively in all the respect and with the increase in the revenue the company has achieved that comfortable level to go out and play in the international arena. Wal-Mart sensed the need of hour and knew that the international trad e will give a good numbers in terms of sales and profits enhance the image and offer valuable ways by creating jobs in the process of globalization. An analysis has been done in this regard by the company. Before going multinational following are the analysis done by any companies for the matter of fact before developing the business plan.Commitment from the Employees team – An effective plan for the employees in the group ranging from top level to executive junior level, all should be united, does not matter even if he is supplier, every one should be under one roof as an asset for companies effective execution of the process. Proper definition of the business plan for internal employees must be designed to enter the international business environment. It becomes very much necessary to put a plan of action defining company’s present status, objectives and commitment.It will help to measure the results as whole. Very prominent factor is the investment how much the comp any is investing in the process of globalization whether it is 10-15% of the profit form the domestic market or options like pay as you can afford formula. The company analyzed the proper time frame required for the launch of the company in the global market. It took time and patience to built and lasting world enterprise. Thus it has paid a lot to the wall mart in the long run. The best thing they did is the hosting of website keeping the international market in their mind.Though English is the most popular language in the world, but less than 30 % people can read it in the European continent. The numbers are further lower in Asia and South America. Multi lingual website has become the first choice of the MNC’s so that they can effectively transmit the information without any barrier. Decision over the Product and services for the nations- It is very important to decide which product to promote in the global market. Many goods supported in the countries like America may be s upported in Indonesia.The company has also launched an extensive market research. It is one of the proven tool for identifying the growth, developments and scope in the market. This enabled the company to find what kind of product is demanded in the market and major markets were targeted. Research related to the geographical location-   In this volume based economy the company has selected the areas where the growth is relatively higher compared to the areas where the sales are at all time low. Thus the company has considered this factor before selecting the countries in particular.A good research was conducted in this regard for identifying the customers so that it can choose the location effectively. It has also taken care of the factors like the control over the business ventures. A perfect plan was prepared before hand in this regard. Wal–Mart always followed a strategy related to the export of the goods the companies effective style of displaying the product and other things has led the company to touch new heights in the retail sector in many countries. Legal factors- Any companies before going global always needs to meet the legal requirements and other issues related to the compliances.Thus the strategy of the company was designed in such a way, that they inducted layers, bankers and people from various legal and financial supports. This was one of the priorities of the company as they knew that without meeting this factor you cannot afford to run the company. The documentation and the approval from the government and other trade bodies were taken before entering in any country premises. Appropriate channels were used to get more and more out of the process. Pricing Factor- It is very important to test the price in the market.How the people receive the price in the current situation? Then negotiate and determine the final pricing structure for the product. Terms and conditions were researched and designed suitably for the customers as well as the company. Service and replacement strategies- Wal-Mart knew that the customers satisfaction is the key to the success of the business. The relationship with the customer should not end after the sales process, an effective feedback and after sales services were some of the key issues that were determined by the company.Cultural Aspects-   it was one of the key agendas of the Wal-mart to take care of the cultural specific information and general courtesy related to the job and sustainability. The goal of the company was designed in such a way that it will be easier for the company to adapt and make it into their own culture. . Factors related to global alliance and partnership- retail giants like Wal-mart had an extensive discussion and formulated policy regarding the alliances and partnership of the company in the different nations. It is an important matter of concern for the companies like Wal- mart to enter into the retail market.Many aspects are related in this matter like joining hands with company of similar capacity who are already in the market or search for any other alliance on profit sharing basis. The key policy Wal-mart implemented is that they treated employees as a most important valuable asset and business cannot survive without them, in this age of rapid development it is the emotional touch which helps the companies to grow. Taking the best possible care of company and employees, your suppliers and your customers, and your future will be bright, prosperous and happy.Going global doesn’t have to be a scary proposition. By considering and developing these twenty essential factors before going global, your organization can realize the full potential of globalization and capture dramatic revenue growth. (Dalaney, 2004) Major problems and hindrances faced With the ongoing process of globalisation, it is obvious that there will be competition in every aspect. Moreover, with perfect strategies and clever decision can enable the company t o witness some robust growth. In the retail business Wal-Mart has also faced a lot of issues running the business.The key problem to mention is the competitor in the field of retail. It is the Kmart, who gave competition to the Wal-Mart. Kmart in US is considered to be the second largest retail chain after Wal-mart. Both the retailers are highly successful in their business. Though, the strategies differ for both the players. Wal-Mart strategy is to set up stores in small towns and within small group of people, while Kmart is focused on to set up stores in populated places. The kmart’s strategy is to gain a larger market share , rather than the volumes.However Wal-mart has proved it from its sales figures where the sales are estimated to be greater by four times than that of Kmart’s figures. The difference between both the companies’ sales figures stood at around $37 billion. The discount stores of the Wal-mart faired fairly well where the sales were about $385 per square feet considered as twice the amount of Kmart. Company’s like Wal-Mart has proved it credibility in the field of success in not reliant on the size and quantity. Initially Wal- mart has also witnessed problem many good professional in the company says company lacked strategic vision.It has been widely argued that the company was unable to meet the expectation, that company popularised the mission statement where it was mentioned that customer’s expectation will be met by delivering quality products at lower price in the market. The company was concentrating to meet the basic necessities. (Global Strategy analysis, ivythesis) Wal-Mart in the Indonesia Once the company has gone International . It was one of the major challenge to the Wal-Mart was to find appropriate partner or companies who can popularize or make some sort of business understanding.In Indonesia being a good potential market. Wal-Mart had a discussion with the largest Indonesian retailer Pt Mata hari Putra Prima to develop the concept of the hyper market asset. At the same time, Lippo Group an Indonesian Business group which controls Matahari through PT Multipolar, was also looking for global partners like Wal-Mart to expand its business. Howe ever the strategies of Walmart were very clear. Wal-mart wanted to acquire the hyper markets, along with a French retailer Casino Guichard Perrachon SA.In this process Lippo has hoped to generate a substantial amount of $ one billion. The partnership will give the Wal-mart to gain a significantly and control over the assets of Matahari Hypermarkets. The main reason for Wal-mart in this regard is that, Indonesia is one of the most populated countries in the world and largest nation in terms of Muslim population. This deal could be a golden deal as the Wal-mart wants to keep on moving by opening its stores in the middle –east and South East Asian countries in the world. (Wal-Mart in Indonesia, The writingonthewal) Conclusion and RecommendationIt has been a great experience studying the entire issue and a good number of lessons are was learned. Expanding the business to other nation can be attractive only when it is planned properly, it will add the value to the business. There are few vital points which we should remember to sustain the business in the international level which are outlined as follows. Is the company a business leader at home, these days the transformation of messages are very fast. Thus we can say that if it is popular brand in the country that means greater chance of doing business outside the nation.Followed by the business model in use- Each and every business model has its own pros and cons. Thus, the company should decide which mode to follow whether it will go for franchising, licensing, joint ventures or wholly owned. Choose the right partner for the process- It is important to choose the right business houses for the success of the business. In this matter verification of financial status, influence and reputation are some of the key aspect needs some special attention. In relatively smaller nation also check the political scenario which may be helpful.Study the country where to set up the business- It is important to study the rules and regulation that are imposed by the country. The tariffs and taxes related to the international business is also a matter of concern. Infrastructure related to the business- It is also an important factor before doing business in the foreign land. All the supporting infrastructure should be in –line to support the business Key issues are whether you will get home support for the logistic and supply chain form home or any other alternatives needs to be used in this regard.Is the company’s financial efficiency financial department to handle the foreign transaction and exchange in the currency? Moreover, once you are operating globally, there must be a department who can handle any kind of queries and suggestion rou nd the clock. Moreover operating model is also very important before going out for business. The cost in terms of supply, real estate and seasonality are also important. (ceoonline. com) Competitive pricing for the product, price drop is also necessary to study and offer the customers with some outcomes.A very close supervision is required in this regard for the fast and stable results. (BSAG,2011) References G. lewis, Researching International strategies of Australia viewed on April 12th  ,2012 www. Business. flinders. edu. au/research/papers/01-3. doc Global Strategy Analysis: Wal-Mart, viewed on April, 13th,2012 http://ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2010/03/global-strategy-analysis-wal-mart. html Laural Delaney, December 16, 2004, 20 Factors to Consider before Going Global, viewed on April 13th, 2012 http://www. ntrepreneur. com/article/75138 Walmart in indonesia: round 2, viewed on April 14th  ,2012 http://thewritingonthewal. net/? p=12269 Expanding Internationall y: 8 Points To Consider Before Going Global, 2007, viewed on April, 13th  ,2012 http://www. ceoonline. com/pages/id22292. aspx Business strategy BSAG, viewed on April 13,2012 http://bsagweb. com/clients-stories/retail-company Daniel D. Bradlow, The Changing International Business Context, viewed on April 13,2012 http://www. ialsnet. org/meetings/business/BradlowDaniel-USA. pdf